Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Atomoxetine treatment for children and adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): a comprehensive meta-analysis of outcomes on parent-rated core symptomatology

  • Review Article
  • Published:
ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders

Abstract

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) impacts a significant number of children and adolescents and often leads to deleterious functional impairment. Psychostimulant medication has historically been the first line of pharmacological intervention, though recent years have seen greater attention paid to non-stimulant alternatives. The objective of the present study was to conduct the most comprehensive meta-analysis to date evaluating the efficacy of atomoxetine in reducing core symptomatology of ADHD according to parent report. Selection criteria were applied, and studies were located by searching electronic databases, review of reference sections, and contact with expert researchers; article searching began on 10/01/2013, and the final search was conducted on 09/01/2014. A total of 42 studies met inclusion criteria—33 with control groups and 9 without—for a total sample of 8398 individuals. For those receiving atomoxetine, the summary pre–post (e.g., standardized mean gain) effect size estimate was 1.37 (95% CI [1.24, 1.51], p < .001); atomoxetine was found to statistically significantly outperform control conditions overall (Z = 4.07, p < .001), though results differed by the type of control group; for instance, when comparing atomoxetine to alternative medications as controls, significant differences were no longer present. The non-stimulant atomoxetine led to significant improvement in core ADHD symptomatology and should be considered as a viable pharmacological treatment option for ADHD.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

References marked with an asterisk (*) indicate studies included in the meta-analysis

  • Allen AJ, Michelson D (2002) Drug development process for a product with a primary pediatric indication. J Clin Psychiatry 63(12):44–49

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • *Allen AJ, Kurlan RM, Gilbert DL, Coffey BJ, Linder SL, Lewis DW et al (2005) Atomoxetine treatment in children and adolescents with ADHD and comorbid tic disorders. Neurology 65(12):1941–1949. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000188869.58300.a7

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association (2013) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th edn. American Psychiatric Publishing, Arlington

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • *Bangs ME, Emslie GJ, Spencer TJ, Ramsey JL, Carlson C, Bartky EJ et al (2007) Efficacy and safety of atomoxetine in adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and major depression. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 17(4):407–419. doi:10.1089/cap.2007.0066

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • *Bangs ME, Hazell P, Danckaerts M, Hoare P, Coghill DR, Wehmeier PM et al (2008) Atomoxetine for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and oppositional defiant disorder. Pediatrics 121(2):314–320. doi:10.1542/peds.2006-1880

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Becker BJ (1988) Synthesizing standardized mean-change measures. Br J Math Stat Psychol 41:257–278. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1988.tb00901.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • *Block SL, Kelsey D, Coury D, Lewis D, Quintana H, Sutton V et al (2009) Once-daily atomoxetine for treating pediatric attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: comparison of morning and evening dosing. Clin Pediatr 48(7):723–733. doi:10.1177/0009922809335321

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Borenstein M, Hedges LV, Higgins JPT, Rothstein HR (2009) Introduction to meta-analysis. Wiley, West Sussex

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Bradley C (1937) The behavior of children receiving benzedrine. Am J Psychiatry 94:577–585

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brunwasser SM, Gillham JE, Kim ES (2009) A meta-analytic review of the Penn Resiliency Program’s effect on depressive symptoms. J Consult Clin Psychol 77:1042–1054. doi:10.1037/a0017671

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • *Buitelaar JK, Danckaerts M, Gillberg C, Zuddas A, Becker K, Bouvard M et al (2004) A prospective, multicenter, open-label assessment of atomoxetine in non-North American children and adolescents with ADHD. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 13(4):249–257. doi:10.1007/s00787-004-0401-3

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Buitelaar JK, Wilens TE, Zhang S, Ning Y, Feldman PD (2009) Comparison of symptomatic versus functional changes in children and adolescents with ADHD during randomized, double-blind treatment with psychostimulants, atomoxetine, or placebo. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 50(3):335–342. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.01960.x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bymaster FP, Katner JS, Nelson DL, Hemrick-Leucke SK, Threlkeld PG, Heiligenstein JH et al (2002) Atomoxetine increases extracellular levels of norepinephrine and dopamine in prefrontal cortex of rat: a potential mechanism for efficacy in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 27:699–711. doi:10.1016/S0893-133X(02)00346-9

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cho S, Lee SI, Yoo H, Song DH, Ahn DH, Shin DW et al (2011) A randomized, open-label assessment of response to various doses of atomoxetine in Korean pediatric outpatients with ADHD. Korean Neuropsychiatr Assoc 8:141–148. doi:10.4306/pi.2011.8.2.141

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen J (1988) Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences, 2nd edn. Erlbaum, Hillsdale

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooper H, Hedges LV (1994) The handbook of research synthesis. Russel Sage Foundation, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • *de Jong CGW, Van De Voorde S, Roeyers H, Raymaekers R, Allen AJ, Knijiff S et al (2009) Differential effects of atomoxetine on executive functioning and lexical decision in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and reading disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 19(6):699–707. doi:10.1089/cap.2009.0029

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • *Dell’Agnello G, Maschietto D, Bravaccio C, Calamoneri F, Masi G, Curatolo P et al (2009) Atomoxetine hydrochloride in the treatment of children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and comorbid oppositional defiant disorder: a placebo-controlled italian study. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 19:822–834. doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2009.07.008

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • * Dittman RW, Schact A, Helsberg K, Schneider-Fresenius C, Lehmann M, Lehmkuhl G, Wehmeier PM (2011) Atomoxetine versus placebo in children and adolescents with attentiondeficit/ hyperactivity disorder and comorbid oppositional defiant disorder: A double-blind, randomized, multicenter trial in Germany. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 21:97–110

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • *Dittmann RW, Cardo E, Nagy P, Anderson CS, Bloomfield R, Caballero B et al (2013) Efficacy and safety of lisdexamfetamine dimesylate and atomoxetine in the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperacitivty disorder: a head-to-head, randomized, double-blind, phase IIIb study. CNS Drugs 27:1081–1092. doi:10.1007/s40263-013-0104-8

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Dittman RW, Schact A, Helsberg K, Schneider-Fresenius C, Lehmann M, Lehmkuhl G, Wehmeier PM (2011) Atomoxetine versus placebo in children and adolescents with attentiondeficit/ hyperactivity disorder and comorbid oppositional defiant disorder: a double-blind, randomized, multicenter trial in Germany. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 21:97–110

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • *Gau SSF, Huang Y, Soong W, Chou M, Chou W, Shang C et al (2007) A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial on once-daily atomoxetine hydrochloride in Taiwanese children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 17(4):447–459. doi:10.1089/cap.2007.0091

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • *Geller D, Donnelly C, Lopez F, Rubin R, Newcorn J, Sutton V et al (2007) Atomoxetine treatment for pediatric patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with comorbid anxiety disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 46:1119–1127. doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e3180ca8385

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hazell PL, Kohn MR, Dickson R, Walton RJ, Granger RE, van Wyk GW (2011) Core ADHD symptom improvement with atomoxetine versus methylphenidate: a direct comparison meta-analysis. J Atten Disord 15(8):674–683. doi:10.1177/1087054710379737

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hedges LV (1982) Estimation of effect size from a series of independent studies. Psychol Bull 92:490–499. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.92.2.490

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hedges LV, Vevea JL (1998) Fixed- and random-effects models in meta-analysis. Psychol Methods 3:486–504. doi:10.1037/1082-989X.3.4.486

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Higgins J, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, Altman DG (2003) Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. Br Med J 327:557–560. doi:10.1136/bmj.327.7414.557

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hodgson K, Hutchinson AD, Denson L (2014) Nonpharmacological treatments for ADHD: a meta-analytic review. J Atten Disord 18:275–282

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoekstra PJ (2011) Is there potential for the treatment of children with ADHD beyond psychostimulants? Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 20:431–432. doi:10.1007/s00787-011-0212-2

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hofman SG, Sawyer AT, Witt AA, Oh D (2010) The effect of mindfulness-based therapy on anxiety and depression: a meta-analytic review. J Consult Clin Psychol 78:169–183. doi:10.1037/a0018555

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • *Kelsey DK, Sumner CR, Casat CD, Coury DL, Quintana H, Saylor KE et al (2004) Once-daily atomoxetine treatment for children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, including an assessment of evening and morning behavior: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Pediatrics 114:e1–e8

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • *Kemner JE, Starr HL, Ciccone PE, Hooper-Wood CG, Crockett RS (2005) Outcomes of OROS methylphenidate compared with atomoxetine in children with ADHD: a multicenter, randomized prospective study. Adv Ther 22:498–512

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kishimoto T, Nitta M, Borenstein M, Jane JM, Correll CU (2013) Long-acting injectable versus oral antipsychotics in schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of mirror-image studies. J Clin Psychiatry 74:957–965. doi:10.4088/JCP.13r08440

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • *Kratochvil CJ, Bohac D, Harrington M, Baker N, May D, Burke WJ (2001) An open-label trial of tomoxetine in pediatric attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 11(2):167–170

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • *Kratochvil CJ, Heiligenstein JH, Dittmann R, Spencer TJ, Biederman J, Wernicke J et al (2002) Atomoxetine and methylphenidate treatment in children with ADHD: a prospective, randomized, open-label trial. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 41(7):776–784. doi:10.1097/00004583-200207000-00008

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • *Kratochvil C, Newcorn J, Arnold E (2005) Atomoxetine alone or combined with fluoxetine for treating ADHD comorbid with depressive or anxiety symptoms. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 44(9):915–924. doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000169012.81536.38

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kratochvil CJ, Wilens TE, Greenhill LL, Gao H, Baker KD, Feldman PD et al (2006) Effects of long-term atomoxetine treatment for young children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 45(8):919–927. doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000222788.34229.68

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kratochvil CJ, Milton DR, Vaughn BS, Greenhill LL (2008) Acute atomoxetine treatment of younger and older children with ADHD: a meta-analysis of tolerability and efficacy. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health. doi:10.1186/1753-2000-2-25

    Google Scholar 

  • *Kratochvil CJ, Vaughan BS, Stoner JA, Daughton JM, Lubberstedt BD, Murray DW et al (2011) A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of atomoxetine in young children with ADHD. Pediatrics 127(4):e862–e868. doi:10.1542/peds.2010-0825

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kratz O, Studer P, Baack J, Malcherek S, Erbe K, Moll G, Heinrich H (2012) Differential effects of methylphenidate and atomoxetine on attentional processes in children with ADHD: an event-related potential study using the attention network test. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 37(1):81–89. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2011.12.008

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lipsey MW, Wilson DB (2000) Practical meta-analysis. Applied social research methods series, vol 49. Sage, Thousand Oaks

    Google Scholar 

  • *Martenyi F, Zavadenko NN, Jarkova NB, Yarosk AA, Soldatenkova VO, Bardenstein LM, Zykov VP (2010) Atomoxetine in children and adolescents with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a 6-week, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial in Russia. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 19:57–66. doi:10.1007/s00787-009-0042-7

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • *Maziade M, Rouleau N, Lee B, Rogers A, Davis L, Dickson R (2009) Atomoxetine and neuropsychological function in children and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: results of a pilot study. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 19(6):709–718. doi:10.1089/cap.2008.0166

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • *Michelson D, Faries D, Wernicke J, Kelsey D, Kendrick K, Sallee R et al (2001) Atomoxetine in the treatment of children and adolescents with ADHD: a randomized, placebo-controlled, dose-response study. Pediatrics 108(5):83

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • *Michelson D, Allen AJ, Busner J, Casat C, Dunn D, Kratochvil C et al (2002) Once-daily atomoxetine treatment for children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Am J Psychiatry 159:1896–1901. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.159.11.1896

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • *Montoya A, Hervas A, Cardo E, Artigas J, Mardomingo M, Alda J et al (2009) Evaluation of atomoxetine for first-line treatment of newly diagnosed, treatment-naïve children and adolescents with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Curr Med Res Opin 25(11):2745–2754. doi:10.1185/03007990903316152

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moses LE, Mostellar F, Buehler JH (2002) Comparing results of large clinical trials to those of meta-analyses. Stat Med 21:793–800

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Newcorn J, Kratochvil C, Allen AJ, Casat C, Ruff D, Moore R, Michelson D (2008) Atomoxetine and osmotically released methylphenidate for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: acute comparison and differential response. Am J Psychiatry 165:721–730. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.05091676

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Orwin RG (1983) A fail-safe N for effect size in meta-analysis. J Educ Stat 8:157–159. doi:10.2307/1164923

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perwein AR, Faries DE, Kratochvil CJ, Sumner CR, Kelsey DK, Allen AJ (2004) Improvement in health-related quality of life in children with ADHD: an analysis of placebo controlled studies in atomoxetine. Dev Behav Pediatr 25(4):264–271

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Polzer J, Bangs MK, Zhang S, Dellva MA, Tauscher-Wisniewski S, Acharya N et al (2007) Meta-analysis of aggression or hostility events in randomized, controlled clinical trials of atomoxetine for ADHD. J Biol Psychiatry 61(5):713–719. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.05.044

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Popper CW (2000) Pharmacologic alternatives to psychostimulants for the treatment of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 9:605–646

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Posner K, Melvin GA, Murray DW, Gugga SS, Fisher P, Skrobala A et al (2007) Clinical presentation of ADHD in preschool children: preschoolers with ADHD treatment study (PATS). J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 17:547–562

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • *Prasad S, Harpin V, Poole L, Zeitlin H, Jamdar S, Puvanendran K (2007) A multi-centre, randomised, open-label study of atomoxetine compared with standard current therapy in UK children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Curr Med Res Opin 23(2):379–394. doi:10.1185/030079906X167309

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenthal R (1979) The “file drawer problem” and tolerance for null results. Psychol Bull 86:638–641. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.86.3.638

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenthal R (1984) Meta-analytic procedures for social research. Applied social research methods series, vol 6. Sage, Beverly Hills

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenthal R (1991) Meta-analytic procedures for social research. Sage, London

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenthal R (1993) Meta-analytic procedures for social research. Sage, Newbury Park

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenthal R, DiMatteo MR (2001) Meta-analysis: recent developments in quantitative methods for literature reviews. Annu Rev Psychol 52:59–82. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.59

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • *Sangal RB, Owens J, Allen AJ, Sutton V, Schuh K, Kelsey D (2006) Effects of atomoxetine and methylphenidate on sleep in children with ADHD. SLEEP 29(12):1573–1585

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz S, Correll CU (2014) Efficacy and safety of atomoxetine in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: results from a comprehensive meta-analysis and metaregression. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 53:174–187. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2013.11.005

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • *Spencer T, Biederman J, Heiligenstein J, Wilens T, Faries D, Prince J et al (2001) An open-label, dose ranging study of atomoxetine in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 11(3):251–265. doi:10.1089/10445460152595577

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • *Spencer TJ, Heiligenstein JH, Biederman J, Faries DE, Kratochvil CJ, Conners CK, Potter WZ (2002) Results from 2 proof-of-concept, placebo-controlled studies of atomoxetine in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 63:1140–1147. doi:10.4088/JCP.v63n1209

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sterling TD (1959) Publication decisions and their possible effects on inferences drawn from tests of significance—or vice versa. J Am Stat Assoc 54:30–34. doi:10.2307/2282137

    Google Scholar 

  • Stewart RE, Chambless DL (2009) Cognitive-behavioral therapy for adult anxiety disorders in clinical practice: a meta-analysis of effectiveness studies. J Consult Clin Psychol 77:595–606. doi:10.1037/a0016032

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • *Sumner CR, Gathercole S, Greenbaum M, Rubin R, Williams D, Hollandbeck M, Wietecha L (2009) Atomoxetine for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children with ADHD and dyslexia. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health. doi:10.1186/1753-2000-3-40

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • *Svanborg P, Thernlund G, Gustafsson PA, Hagglof B, Poole L, Kadesjo B (2009) Efficacy and safety of atomoxetine as add-on to psychoeducation in the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in stimulant naïve Swedish children and adolescents. Eur J Child Adolesc Psychiatry 18:240–249. doi:10.1007/s00787-008-0725-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • *Takahashi M, Takita Y, Yamazaki K, Hayashi T, Ichikawa H, Kambayashi Y et al (2009) A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of atomoxetine in Japanese children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 19(4):341–350. doi:10.1089/cap.2008.0154

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tanaka Y, Rohde LA, Jin L, Feldman PD, Upadhyaya HP (2013) A meta-analysis of the consistency of atomoxetine treatment effects in pediatric patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder from 15 clinical trials across four geographic regions. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 23:262–270

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • *Thurstone C, Riggs PD, Salomonsen-Sautel S, Mikulich-Gilbertson SK (2010) Randomized, controlled trial of atomoxetine for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adolescents with substance abuse disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 49(6):573–582

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Visser SA, Danielson ML, Bitsko RH, Holbrook JR, Kogan MD, Ghandour R et al (2014) Trends in the parent-report of health care provider-diagnosed and medicated attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: United States, 2003–2011. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 53:34–46

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • *Wang Y, Zheng Y, Du Y, Song DH, Shin YJ, Cho SC et al (2007) Atomoxetine versus methylphenidate in pediatric outpatients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a randomized, double-blind comparison trial. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 41:222–230. doi:10.1080/00048670601057767

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • *Wehmeier PM, Dittmann RW, Schacht A, Minarzyk A, Lehmann M, Sevecke K, Lehmkuhl G (2007) Effectiveness of atomoxetine and quality of life in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder as perceived by patients, parent, and physicians in an open-label study. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 17(6):813–829. doi:10.1089/cap.2007.0025

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wehmeier PM, Schacht A, Ulberstad F, Lehmann M, Schneider-Fresenius C, Lehmkuhl G, Banaschewski T (2012) Does atomoxetine improve executive function, inhibitory control, and hyperactivity? Results from a placebo-controlled trial using quantitative measurement technology. J Clin Psychopharmacol 32(5):653–660. doi:10.1097/JCP.0b013e318267c304

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • *Weiss M, Tannock R, Kratochvil C, Dunn D, Velez-Borras J, Thomason C et al (2005) A randomized, placebo-controlled study of once-daily atomoxetine in the school setting in children with ADHD. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 44(7):647–655. doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000163280.47221.c9

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • *Wietecha LA, Williams DW, Herbert M, Melmed RD, Greenbaum M, Schuh K (2009) Atomoxetine treatment in adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 19(6):719–730. doi:10.1089/cap.2008.074

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • *Wigal SB, McGough JJ, McCracken JT, Biederman J, Spencer TJ, Posner KL et al (2005) A laboratory school comparison of mixed amphetamine salts extended release (adderall XR®) and atomoxetine (strattera®) in school-aged children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Atten Disord 9(1):275–289. doi:10.1177/1087054705281121

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilens TE, Kratochvil C, Newcorn JH, Gao H (2006a) Do children and adolescents with ADHD respond differently to atomoxetine? J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 45(2):149–157. doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000190352.90946.0b

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilens TE, Newcorn JH, Kratochvil CJ, Gao H, Thomason CK, Rogers AK et al (2006b) Long-term atomoxetine treatment in adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Pediatr 149:112–119

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilens TE, Gault LM, Childress A, Kratochvil CJ, Bensman L, Hall CM et al (2011) Safety and efficacy of ABT-089 in pediatric attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: results from two randomized placebo-controlled clinical trials. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 50:73–84

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • *Yildiz O, Sismanlar SG, Memik NC, Karakaya I, Agaoglu B (2011) Atomoxetine and methylphenidate treatment in children with ADHD: the efficacy, tolerability and effects on executive functions. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 42(3):257–269. doi:10.1007/s10578-010-0212-3

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors were not supported by any external funding for the completion of this study. There were no third-party sponsors involved at any stage of the project. The authors have confirmed that they have no competing or potential conflict of interest in relation to this work; neither author has any relationship with Eli Lilly and Company, Ltd, the manufacturer of atomoxetine. The authors appreciate the assistance of the many investigators whose correspondence provided needed data clarification which allowed more studies to be represented in this review.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology, Towson University, 8000 York Road, Towson, MD, 21252, USA

    Jessica L. Gayleard & Matthew P. Mychailyszyn

  2. Division of Psychology and Neuropsychology, Mt. Washington Pediatric Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Matthew P. Mychailyszyn

Authors
  1. Jessica L. Gayleard
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Matthew P. Mychailyszyn
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Matthew P. Mychailyszyn.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

Neither author has any personal or financial relationships to disclose with other individuals or organizations that could inappropriately influence or bias the present work.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Gayleard, J.L., Mychailyszyn, M.P. Atomoxetine treatment for children and adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): a comprehensive meta-analysis of outcomes on parent-rated core symptomatology. ADHD Atten Def Hyp Disord 9, 149–160 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12402-017-0216-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12402-017-0216-y

Keywords

Search

Navigation