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Pattern-Triggered Immunity  and Effector-Triggered Immunity: crosstalk and cooperation of PRR and NLR-mediated plant defense pathways during host–pathogen interactions

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Abstract

The elucidation of the molecular basis underlying plant-pathogen interactions is imperative for the development of sustainable resistance strategies against pathogens. Plants employ a dual-layered immunological detection and response system wherein cell surface-localized Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) and intracellular Nucleotide-Binding Leucine-Rich Repeat Receptors (NLRs) play pivotal roles in initiating downstream signalling cascades in response to pathogen-derived chemicals. Pattern-Triggered Immunity (PTI) is associated with PRRs and is activated by the recognition of conserved molecular structures, known as Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns. When PTI proves ineffective due to pathogenic effectors, Effector-Triggered Immunity (ETI) frequently confers resistance. In ETI, host plants utilize NLRs to detect pathogen effectors directly or indirectly, prompting a rapid and more robust defense response. Additionally epigenetic mechanisms are participating in plant immune memory. Recently developed technologies like CRISPR/Cas9 helps in exposing novel prospects in plant pathogen interactions. In this review we explore the fascinating crosstalk and cooperation between PRRs and NLRs. We discuss epigenomic processes and CRISPR/Cas9 regulating immune response in plants and recent findings that shed light on the coordination of these defense layers. Furthermore, we also have discussed the intricate interactions between the salicylic acid and jasmonic acid signalling pathways in plants, offering insights into potential synergistic interactions that would be harnessed for the development of novel and sustainable resistance strategies against diverse group of pathogens.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Plant Pathology, FOA-SKUAST-K, Wadura, 193201, India

    Zarka Nabi, Subaya Manzoor, Tanveer Ahmad Wani & Humira Gulzar

  2. ICAR-Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture, Srinagar, 191132, India

    Sajad Un Nabi

  3. Division of Plant Pathology, FOH-SKUAST-K, Shalimar, Srinagar, 190025, India

    Mehreena Farooq

  4. Division of Soil Science and Agriculture Chemistry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Jammu, India

    Vivak M. Arya

  5. Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mersin University, 33100, Yenişehir, Mersin, Turkey

    Faheem Shehzad Baloch

  6. Department of Biology and Environmental Engineering, University of Craiova, A. I. Cuza 13, 200585, Craiova, Romania

    Carmen Vlădulescu & Simona Mariana Popescu

  7. Department of Plant Resources and Environment, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea

    Sheikh Mansoor

  8. Subtropical/Tropical Organism Gene Bank, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea

    Sheikh Mansoor

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Nabi, Z., Manzoor, S., Nabi, S.U. et al. Pattern-Triggered Immunity  and Effector-Triggered Immunity: crosstalk and cooperation of PRR and NLR-mediated plant defense pathways during host–pathogen interactions. Physiol Mol Biol Plants 30, 587–604 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12298-024-01452-7

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