Abstract
The post green revolution agriculture is based on generous application of fertilizers and high-yielding genotypes that are suited for such high input regimes. Cereals, like maize (Zea mays L.) are capable of utilizing less than 20% of the applied inorganic phosphate (Pi) - a non-renewable fertilizer resource. A greater understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the acquisition, transportation and utilization of Pi may lead to engineering genotypes with high phosphorus use efficiency. In this study, we carried out functional domain similarity analysis, promoter analysis and comparative transcriptional expression profiling of 12 selected Pi responsive genes in the Pi stress tolerant maize inbred line HKI-163 under sufficient and deficient Pi conditions. Pi starvation led to significant increase in root length; marked proliferation of root hairs and lesser number of crown roots. Eleven genes were significantly up or down regulated in Pi deficient condition. The putative acid phosphatase, ZmACP5 expression was up regulated by 162.81 and 74.40 fold in root and leaf tissues, respectively. The RNase, ZmRNS1 showed 115 fold up regulation in roots under Pi deprivation. Among the two putative high affinity Pi transporters ZmPht1;4 was found specific to root, whereas ZmPht2 was found to be up regulated in both root and leaf tissues. The genes involved in Pi homeostasis pathway (ZmSIZ1, SPX1 and Pho2) were up regulated in root and leaf. In light of the expression profiling of selected regulatory genes, an updated model of transcriptional regulation under Pi starvation in maize has been presented.
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This work was funded by a National Agricultural Science Fund grant (NASF/GTR-5004/2015-16/204) to PY and TK.
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This work was funded by a National Agricultural Science Fund grant (NASF/GTR-5004/2015-16/204) to PY and TK. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
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PY and TK conceived the idea and provided overall supervision to the study. VD and AA performed the experiments and analyzed the data with guidance from PY, IS and KK. RV helped establish the hydroponics. VD and AA wrote the primary draft, which was further augmented, edited and improved by PY. All the authors read and approved it for publication.
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Pranjal Yadava and Vikram Dayaman contributed equally to this work.
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Fig. S1
Domain analysis of putative PHO pathway regulatory genes in maize viz. PHR1 (phosphate starvation response 1), SPX1 domain containing protein, SIZ1, Pho2, ZAT6.
Fig. S2
Domain analysis of putative purple acid phosphatases (PAPs) and ribonuclease (RNase) in maize.
Fig. S3
Domain analysis of putative phosphate transporters in maize.
Fig. S4
Conserved PAP motifs in selected maize purple acid phosphatases (PAPs). Five conserved motifs, including DXG, GDXXY, GNH(D/E), VXXH, and GHXH are shown in maize and corresponding Arabidopsis PAPs using cobalt Multiple Alignment Tool from NCBI.
Table S1
Primers used for the expression analyses of 12 phosphate responsive genes of Zea mays L.
Table S2
Identified phosphate starvation responsive gene orthologs from Zea mays based on sequence similarity with Arabidopsis genes
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Yadava, P., Dayaman, V., Agarwal, A. et al. Fine-tuning the transcriptional regulatory model of adaptation response to phosphate stress in maize (Zea mays L.). Physiol Mol Biol Plants 28, 885–898 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12298-022-01155-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12298-022-01155-x