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Risk of Carcinogenicity Associated with Synthetic Hair Dyeing Formulations: A Biochemical View on Action Mechanisms, Genetic Variation and Prevention

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Abstract

Article tries to visualize the potential for carcinogenic trigger in humans with a preference for oxidative synthetic of hair dyeing formulations, especially which belong to the category of permanent colours. According to the International Agency for Cancer, hair dyes for personal use are not strictly classified as carcinogen to humans. However, some controversy exists that requires clarification. Some epidemiological studies support the association between the risk of cancer development and personal use of hair dyes (pooled relative risk RR = 1.50. 95% CI: 1.30–1.98). The world-wide sale of hair dyeing cosmetics have exceeded 15 billion dollars by the year 2012 and has maintained an annual growth rate of 8–10%. This raises concerns and need to be addressed. The review article briefly discusses about the different hair dye components based on their chemical nature, permanence, interaction of dye components with different parts of the hair shaft, action mechanisms, health risk assessment, associated challenges and possible alternatives. There appears variability towards the pathological changes incurred in the human system upon the use of synthetic hair formulations. This probably appears due to the presence of interindividual genetic variation of enzymes handling these xenobiotics. The redox mechanism of major hair dye components appears to be involved in the carcinogenic trigger. Most of the hair dye constituents pose serious health issues. However, we do have few better alternatives to prevent the toxicity associated with hair dye constituents without compromising the need of today’s fashion statement and expectations of the youth.

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Acknowledgements

Authors are thankful to Dr Shehnoor Shan, Assistant Professor, Centre for Distance Education. Aligarh Muslim University for overall refining of the English language and Dr. Hamda Khan, Post-Doctoral Fellow, Department of Biochemistry, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College for improving the quality of images.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biochemistry, JN Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, 202002, India

    Asif Ali,  Moinuddin & Safia Habib

  2. WebMD Health Services, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India

    Shaziya Allarakha

  3. Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India

    Shamila Fatima

  4. Department of Periodontics and Community Dentistry, ZA Dental College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India

    Syed Amaan Ali

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  1. Asif Ali
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Idea and conceptualization: AA, Critical revision and editing: M, Conceptualization: SA, Final revision and editing: SF and SAA, Idea, literature search and drafting: SH. All the authors have read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Safia Habib.

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Ali, A., Moinuddin, Allarakha, S. et al. Risk of Carcinogenicity Associated with Synthetic Hair Dyeing Formulations: A Biochemical View on Action Mechanisms, Genetic Variation and Prevention. Ind J Clin Biochem 37, 399–409 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12291-022-01051-x

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