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Elevation Dynamics Between Polders and the Natural Sundarbans of the Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta Plain

  • Special Issue: Wetland Elevation Dynamics
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Abstract

The Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta (GBD) in Bangladesh exists at a nexus of stability and vulnerability, as the rivers annually carry ~ 800–1000 MT of sediment from the Himalayan Mountains, yet coastal poldering and sediment extraction within the rivers remove elevation capital from the low-lying delta plain. Recent research in the GBD has begun to unravel how the world’s largest fluvio-deltaic mangrove forest—the Sundarbans—is keeping pace with sea level rise (SLR); however, this is contingent on adequate sediment supply delivered to the platform during semi-diurnal tides and the seasonal monsoon. Little is known about the elevation dynamics within human-modified polders by comparison, other than an elevation deficit of 1–1.5 m exists. In this study, seasonal data from Rod Surface Elevation Tables (RSETs) installed within a polder in the southwest region (Polder 32) are compared to the Sundarbans. Over ~ 8 years, results show that surface elevation is gaining within the Sundarbans at a more significant rate (~ 58.4%), and this is due to the higher vertical accretion rates measured in the Sundarbans (~ 67%) from abundant sources of allochthonous material. Elevation gain in the polder, particularly close to the embankment, appears to be attributed to sediment supplied from eroded embankments and local sluice gates, in addition to seasonal subsurface clay swelling during the monsoon. Shallow subsidence within both study areas appears to take place seasonally, but with less delivery of new sediment, the rate of shallow subsidence is lower in the polder compared to the Sundarbans. Despite seasonal shallow subsidence, the elevation change is net positive in both study areas if taken as a whole; however, interior poldered regions exhibit net elevation loss. This comparison in change of elevation, vertical accretion, and shallow subsidence shows how human modification has drastically changed the natural processes. Furthermore, our results are compared to rates of relative and effective SLR, which show that the Sundarbans is keeping pace in this region, while Polder 32 is not. These results are vital to inform embankment mitigation and flood risk in this dynamic delta system.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank the Bangladesh Institute of Water Modelling (IWM) for help in arranging field trips, and especially Mohammad Abdus Salam Sikder, Sanju Singha, Tawfeeqa Sikder, Tawheeda Sikder, Tanjina Ferdous Ira, Shahadat Hossain Biplab, and Abu Saeed Arman for their assistance in the field. Special thanks to Nazrul Islam Bachchu from Pugmark Tours and Travels, the crew of the M.V. Bawali and M.B. Mawali for boat travel and logistical support, and Dr. Abu Naser Hossain at the Khulna Division Department of Forestry for access permissions to the Sundarbans.

Funding

Funding was provided by NSF Awards OCE 16-00258, BCS 1716909, and BWDB contract CEIP-1/C3/C4 “Long Term Monitoring, Research and Analysis of Bangladesh Coastal Zone,” part of the Coastal Embankment Improvement Project, Phase-1 (CEIP-1).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Geology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh

    Sharmin Akter & Anwar Hossain Bhuiyan

  2. Department of Geology and Geophysics, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA

    Carol A. Wilson

  3. Bangladesh Open University, Gazipur, Bangladesh

    Syed Humayun Akhter

  4. Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, Orangetown, NY, USA

    Michael S. Steckler

  5. Geography and Environment Discipline, Bangladesh Open University, Gazipur, Bangladesh

    Md. Masud Rana

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Correspondence to Sharmin Akter or Carol A. Wilson.

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Akter, S., Wilson, C.A., Bhuiyan, A.H. et al. Elevation Dynamics Between Polders and the Natural Sundarbans of the Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta Plain. Estuaries and Coasts (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-024-01349-4

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