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Freshwater Inflow Variability Affects the Relative Importance of Allochthonous Sources for Estuarine Fishes

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Abstract

Estuaries are influenced by seasonal and inter-annual variability in marine and freshwater intrusion. This variability affects the abundance and distribution of resources and consumers and may drive estuarine food web dynamics. This study tests for relationships among environmental variables and estuarine consumer δ13C, and assesses whether freshwater-derived sources increase in relative contribution to estuarine consumers during high freshwater inflow events. Data were collected seasonally from 2010 through 2016 for Patos Lagoon, Brazil, and included rainfall and river discharge in the drainage basin, and salinity, chlorophyll-α, and phytoplankton abundance in the estuarine zone of the lagoon. Similarly, stable isotope data (δ13C, δ15N) were collected seasonally for autochthonous sources and consumers (detritivorous and zooplanktivorous fishes) in the estuarine zone, and allochthonous sources of freshwater and marine origin. Mixed-effect models assessed relationships among consumer δ13C and environmental variables, and Bayesian mixing models (MixSIAR) estimated the relative importance of autochthonous and allochthonous sources for estuarine consumers. Hydrology affected estuarine consumer δ13C, corresponding to greater contributions of marine-derived organic material during periods with high freshwater inflow, especially for detritivorous juvenile mullet. This unexpected finding is likely due to high freshwater inflows delaying recruitment of juvenile mullet from coastal areas into the estuarine zone such that data from seasonal sampling reflected marine rather than local feeding and active transport of marine-derived sources into the estuarine zone. In addition to transporting freshwater-derived organic material, high freshwater inflow events may have other important indirect effects on the dynamics of trophic subsidies to estuarine food webs which require further study.

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Acknowledgments

We thank the Laboratório de Ecologia e Conservação de Tartarugas e Mamíferos Marinhos for providing marine data, Dr. Brian Stock and Dr. Andrew Parnell for support with MixSIAR functions, and Valério C. Machado-Júnior for creating the maps. We also thank the Instituto Nacional de Metereologia (INMET) for providing data, the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq—Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, Procs. 403.805/2012-0 and 441492/2016-9), and Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (FAPERGS, Proc. 3122-2551/12-7) through the Long Term Ecological Research Program (PELD—Pesquisas Ecológicas de Longa Duração) site 8—Patos Lagoon estuary and adjacent marine region for funding this research. B.P. appreciates CNPq for providing a graduate scholarship (Proc. 146958/2015-2).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Oceanografia Biológica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Av. Italia km 08, Rio Grande, RS, 96203-900, Brazil

    Bianca Possamai

  2. Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Av. Italia km 8, Rio Grande, RS, 96203-900, Brazil

    Bianca Possamai, Clarisse Odebrecht, Paulo C. Abreu & Alexandre M. Garcia

  3. Department of Biological Sciences and the Advanced Environmental Research Institute, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #310559, Denton, TX, 76203-5017, USA

    David J. Hoeinghaus

  4. Centro de Formação em Ciências Ambientais, Universidade Federal do Sul da Bahia, Rodovia BR 367 Km 10, Porto Seguro, BA, 45810-000, Brazil

    Leonardo E. Moraes

  5. Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Rodovia BR 116 Km 03, Feira de Santana, BA, 44036-900, Brazil

    Alexandre C. A. Santos

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  1. Bianca Possamai
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  2. David J. Hoeinghaus
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  4. Paulo C. Abreu
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  7. Alexandre M. Garcia
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Correspondence to Bianca Possamai.

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Communicated by Wim J. Kimmerer

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Possamai, B., Hoeinghaus, D.J., Odebrecht, C. et al. Freshwater Inflow Variability Affects the Relative Importance of Allochthonous Sources for Estuarine Fishes. Estuaries and Coasts 43, 880–893 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-019-00693-0

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-019-00693-0

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