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Coastal Hypoxia and the Importance of Benthic Macrofauna Communities for Ecosystem Functioning

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Abstract

Coastal ecosystems are important because of the vital ecosystem functions and services they provide, but many are threatened by eutrophication and hypoxia. This results in loss of biodiversity and subsequent changes in ecosystem functioning. Consequently, the need for empirical field studies regarding biodiversity-ecosystem functioning in coastal areas has been emphasized. The present field study quantified the links between benthic macrofaunal communities (abundance, biomass, and species richness), sediment oxygen consumption, and solute fluxes (NO3 − + NO2 −, NH4 +, PO4 3−, SiO4, Fe, Mn) along a 7.5-km natural gradient of seasonal hypoxia in the coastal northern Baltic Sea. Sampling was done in late August 2010 in the middle archipelago zone of the Hanko peninsula, Finland. As predicted, the macrofaunal communities were decimated with increasing hypoxia, and the nutrient transformation processes were changed at the sediment-water interface, with notably higher effluxes of phosphate and ammonium from the sediment. Solute fluxes varied even during normoxia, which implies a high context-dependency, and could be explained by even small variations in environmental variables such as organic matter and C/N ratios. Importantly, the low diversity benthic macrofaunal communities, which were dominated by Macoma balthica and the invasive Marenzelleria spp., had a large influence on the solute fluxes, especially under normoxia, but also under hypoxia.

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Acknowledgments

This study was funded by Walter and Andrée de Nottbeck Foundation, Svenska studiefonden; the BONUS+ project HYPER (AN); the BONUS COCOA project, which was supported by BONUS (Art 185), funded jointly by the EU and the Academy of Finland (AN); the Sabbatical leave program of the University of Waikato (CAP); and the University of Helsinki (3-year grant to JN). We thank the reviewers for the valuable comments on earlier versions of the manuscript. Judi Hewitt provided valuable advice on statistical analyses and Torsten Sjölund and Veijo Kinnunen helped with the field sampling, which is gratefully acknowledged.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Tvärminne Zoological Station, University of Helsinki, J.A. Palménin tie 260, 10900, Hanko, Finland

    Johanna Gammal, Joanna Norkko & Alf Norkko

  2. School of Sciences, University of Waikato, Private Bag, Hamilton, 3105, New Zealand

    Conrad A. Pilditch

  3. Marine Research Centre, Finnish Environment Institute, PO Box 140, 00251, Helsinki, Finland

    Alf Norkko

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  1. Johanna Gammal
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Correspondence to Johanna Gammal.

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Gammal, J., Norkko, J., Pilditch, C.A. et al. Coastal Hypoxia and the Importance of Benthic Macrofauna Communities for Ecosystem Functioning. Estuaries and Coasts 40, 457–468 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-016-0152-7

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