Abstract
In wireless sensor networks (WSNs), due to the limited battery power of the sensor nodes, the communication energy consumption is the main factor to affect the lifetime of the networks. A reasonable design of the communication protocol can effectively reduce the energy consumption of the network system. Based on low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH), an improved LEACH protocol in WSNs is proposed. In order to optimize the cluster head (CH) election in the cluster setup phase, the improved LEACH takes into account a number of factors, including energy consumption of communication between nodes, remaining energy of the nodes, and the distance between nodes and base station (BS). In the steady phase, one-hop routing and multiple-hop routing are combined to transmit data between CHs to improve energy efficiency. The forward CH is selected as relay node according to the values of path cost. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm performs better in balancing network energy consumption, and it can effectively improve the data transmission efficiency and prolong the network lifetime, as compared with LEACH, LEACH-C (LEACH-centralized) and NDAPSO-C (an adaptive clustering protocol based on improved particle swarm optimization) algorithms.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
LEE H R, CHUNG K Y, JHANG K S. A study of wireless sensor network routing protocols for maintenance access hatch condition surveillance [J]. Journal of Information Processing Systems, 2013, 9(2): 69–78.
ZHOU G D, YI T H. Recent developments on wireless sensor networks technology for bridge health monitoring [J]. Mathematical Problems in Engineering, 2013, 2013: 947867.
HEINZELMAN W R, CHANDRAKASAN A, BALAKRISHNAN H. Energy-efficient communication protocol for wireless microsensor networks [C]//Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. Hawaii, USA: IEEE, 2000: 1–10.
YOUNIS O, FAHMY S. HEED: A hybrid, energyefficient, distributed clustering approach for ad-hoc sensor networks [J]. IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, 2004, 3(4): 366–379.
MANJESHWAR A, AGRAWAL D P. TEEN: A routing protocol for enhanced efficiency in wireless sensor networks [C]//15th International Proceedings in Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium. [s.l.]: IEEE, 2001: 2009–2015.
HEINZELMAN W B, CHANDRAKASAN A P, BALAKRISHNAN H. An application-specific protocol architecture for wireless microsensor networks [J. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 2002, 1(4): 660–670.
HAO H. Study on improved algorithm of WSN clustering routing based on particle swarm theory [D]. Taiyuan, China: College of Information and Computer Science, Taiyuan University of Technology, 2015(in Chinese).
TRIPATHI M, BATTULA R B, GAUR M S, et al. Energy efficient clustered routing for wireless sensor network [C]//2013 IEEE Ninth International Conference on Mobile Ad-hoc and Sensor Networks. [s.l.]: IEEE, 2013: 330–335.
TANG C W, TAN Q, HAN Y N, et al. An energy harvesting aware routing algorithm for hierarchical clustering wireless sensor networks [J]. KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems, 2016, 10(2): 504–521.
JERBI, W, GUERMAZI A, TRABELSI H. O-LEACH of routing protocol for wireless sensor networks [C]//2016 13th International Conference on Computer Graphics, Imaging and Visualization. [s.l.]: IEEE, 2016: 399–404.
LEE J Y, JUNG K D, MOON S J, et al. Improvement on LEACH protocol of a wide-area wireless sensor network [J]. Multimedia Tools and Applications, 2016, 76: 19843–19860.
HARSHA P M, KANAKARAJU R. Network lifetime enhancement of clustering approach using handoff mechanism in WSN [C]//IEEE International Conference on Recent Trends in Electronics Information Communication Technology. Bangalore, India: IEEE, 2016: 809–812.
DJENOURI D, BAGAA M, CHELLI A, et al. Energy harvesting aware minimum spanning tree for survivable WSN with minimum relay node addition [C]//2016 IEEE Globecom Workshops (GC WKSHPS). Washington, USA: IEEE, 2016: 1–6.
ALI Q I, ABDULMAOWJOD A, MOHAMMED H M. Simulation & performance study of wireless sensor network (WSN) using MATLAB [J]. Iraq Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 2011, 7(2): 112–119.
BALOBAID A. A survey and comparative study on different energy efficient MAC-protocols for wireless sensor networks [C]//2016 International Conference on Internet of Things and Applications. Pune, India: IEEE, 2016: 321–326.
THORATM A, DESHPANDE V S. Assessment of fairness against quality of service parameters in wireless sensor networks [C]//Thirteenth International Conference on Wireless and Optical Communications Networks. [s.l.]: IEEE, 2016: 1–5.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Foundation item: the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 61673259), and the International Exchanges and Cooperation Projects of Shanghai Science and Technology Committee (No. 15220721800)
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zhang, Y., Li, P. & Mao, L. Research on Improved Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks. J. Shanghai Jiaotong Univ. (Sci.) 23, 613–619 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12204-018-1991-0
Received:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12204-018-1991-0
Key words
- wireless sensor networks (WSNs)
- low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH)
- clustering
- energy consumption
- relay nodes