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Simultaneous Determination of Azaperone and Azaperol in Swine Adipose Samples Using Switchable Fatty Acid–Based CO2-Effervescence–Ameliorated Emulsification Microextraction

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Abstract

In this work, CO2 effervescence–assisted emulsification microextraction method using an efficient switchable solvent was proposed for the enrichment of azaperone and azaperol in swine adipose samples. The azaperone and azaperol in swine adipose were extracted by 1% (v/v) ammoniated acetonitrile at 55 °C. A medium-chain fatty acid as switchable-hydrophilicity solvent is used for further enrichment and purification, and it is able to be easily switched into hydrophobic/hydrophilic forms in pH changeable media. The main parameters were optimized as follows: 100 mg octanoic acid, 0.3 mL acetic acid–water solution (1:1, v/v), and 0.5 mL 3.0 mol L−1 Na2CO3 solution. Under the optimal conditions, azaperone and azaperol showed good linearity within the studied range, and the values of the correlation coefficient were higher than 0.999. The limits of detection for the method ranged from 5 to 10.0 ng kg−1. The recoveries of azaperone and azaperol in swine adipose were 95–104%, with relative standard deviations ranging from 3 to 5%. The proposed method was successfully applied for the analysis of azaperone and azaperol in swine adipose samples.

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Funding

This work was supported by the Jiangxi special fund for agro-scientific research in collaborative innovation (No. JXXTCX201703–02) and Key R&D projects of Jiangxi Provincial Science and Technology Department (No. 20192ACB60004).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-Product of Jiangxi Province, Institute of Quality Safety Standards of Agricultural Products Research, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang, 330200, China

    Liao Qie-Gen, Yuan Li-Juan, Xiang Jian-Jun, Zhang Da-Wen & Luo Lin-Guang

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  1. Liao Qie-Gen
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  2. Yuan Li-Juan
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  3. Xiang Jian-Jun
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  4. Zhang Da-Wen
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  5. Luo Lin-Guang
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Correspondence to Zhang Da-Wen.

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This research does not have any studies with human subjects or animals performed by any of the authors.

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Liao Qie-Gen declares that he has no conflict of interest. Yuan Li-Juan declares that he has no conflict of interest. Xiang Jian-Jun declares that he has no conflict of interest. Zhang Da-Wen declares that he has no conflict of interest. Luo Lin-Guang declares that he has no conflict of interest.

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Qie-Gen, L., Li-Juan, Y., Jian-Jun, X. et al. Simultaneous Determination of Azaperone and Azaperol in Swine Adipose Samples Using Switchable Fatty Acid–Based CO2-Effervescence–Ameliorated Emulsification Microextraction. Food Anal. Methods 15, 185–191 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-021-02117-x

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-021-02117-x

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