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Effervescence-assisted dual microextraction of PAHs in edible oils using lighter-than-water phosphonium-based ionic liquids and switchable hydrophilic/hydrophobic fatty acids

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Abstract

Herein, we developed a novel effervescence-assisted dual microextraction method, abbreviated as EM-LPSH, using lighter-than-water phosphonium-based ionic liquids (LPILs) and switchable hydrophilic/hydrophobic fatty acids (SHFAs). The EM-LPSH method was utilized for quick enrichment/extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in edible oils. Owing to lower density than water, LPILs used as the first extractant were floated on the upper layer of the aqueous phase, leading to a convenient separation/collection compared with traditional heavier-than-water imidazolium-based ionic liquids. Interestingly, SHFAs play triple functions: a dispersive solvent in the microextraction process, an acidic source in effervescent reaction, and the second extractant in dual microextraction, due to switchability from hydrophilicity to hydrophobicity. Consequently, the integration of LPILs with SHFAs greatly enhanced the extraction efficiency for PAHs owing to the quick dual microextraction process. Some important variables were rigorously optimized using a one-factor-at-a-time approach. Under optimized conditions, the EM-LPSH/HPLC-FLD method provided a wide linear range (0.07~0.63–200 μg kg−1), satisfactory recovery (80.12–103.27%), and low limit of detection (0.02–0.19 μg kg−1), as well as high intra-day and inter-day precision (0.03–6.55) for six PAHs in edible oils. By using certified reference material in olive oil samples (GBW10162), the recoveries ranged from 97.40 to 98.39%, demonstrating high accuracy and precision. According to the detected levels of PAHs in six unheated and heated oils, their edible safety was evaluated in detail. In short, the newly developed method is simple, convenient, and highly efficient, thereby showing great prospects for application in conventional monitoring of trace-level PAHs in edible oils.

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Funding

This study was financially supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China (21876125 and 22076134), the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation (LY19B070010), the Wenzhou Science and Technology Project (S20180025), the National Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program for College Students (201910343059S), and the Research and Development Fund of Wenzhou Medical University (QTJ19018).

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  1. Qi Jing and Liyuan Chen contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China

    Qi Jing, Liyuan Chen, Qiaowei Zhao, Peipei Zhou, Yanyan Li & Xuedong Wang

  2. National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Municipal Sewage Resource Utilization Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, Jiangsu, China

    Huili Wang

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  1. Qi Jing
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  7. Xuedong Wang
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Correspondence to Xuedong Wang.

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Jing, Q., Chen, L., Zhao, Q. et al. Effervescence-assisted dual microextraction of PAHs in edible oils using lighter-than-water phosphonium-based ionic liquids and switchable hydrophilic/hydrophobic fatty acids. Anal Bioanal Chem 413, 1983–1997 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-021-03167-0

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-021-03167-0

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