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Biolubricant Production from Several Oleaginous Feedstocks Using Lipases as Catalysts: Current Scenario and Future Perspectives

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Abstract

In recent years, biolubricants have been gaining further prominence than conventional petroleum-based lubricants. This trend is observed in almost all sectors relying on these products, regardless of their applications. Environmental problems caused by coventional lubricants and the depletion of oil reserves that have led to the need for renewable and biodegradable lubricants are among the factors that contribute to such growing trend. Biolubricants have several advantages over mineral oil lubricants such as high biodegradability, low toxicity, excellent lubricating performance, and minimal impact on the environment and human health. In addition, they can be produced using several types of oleaginous feedstocks and distinct chemical reactions that can be efficiently catalyzed by lipases, which make them quite attractive in the context of Green Chemistry. Thereby, this review describes different aspects of biolubricants by detailing their main applications, properties, uses, and potential feedstocks such as vegetable oils. In this review, chemical modification of their structures using different routes has been highlighted in order to overcome a few limitations for direct application of oleaginuous feedstocks as biolubricants. It also depicts the progress of enzymatic catalysis and immobilization protocols for preparing heterogenous biocatalysts (immobilized lipases), once it is a promising route to obtain a variety of biolubricants based on recent studies described in available literature. Furthermore, future prospects and challenges for enzymatic biolubricant production on an industrial scale are also reviewed.

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Abbreviations

BCL:

Lipase from Burkholderia cepacia

CALB:

Lipase B from Candida antarctica

CLEAs:

Cross-linked enzyme aggregates

CME:

Castor bean methyl esters

CRL:

Lipase from Candida rugosa

CSTR:

Continuous stirred-tank reactor

FBR:

Fluidized-bed reactor

FFA:

Free fatty acids

NPG:

Neopentylglycol

PVA/PES:

Polyvinyl alcohol/polyethersulfone

PBR:

Packed-bed reactor

PE:

Pentaerythritol

RAL:

Lipase from Rhizopus arrhizus

SME:

Soybean methyl esters

STR:

Stirred-tank reactor

TAG:

Triacylglycerols

TLL:

Lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus

TMP:

Trimethylolpropane

USDA:

US Department of Agriculture

WCO:

Waste cooking oil

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Funding

This study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior-Brasil (CAPES)-Finance Code 001. The authors also thank the financial support of Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais—FAPEMIG (Process APQ–02196–15), and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico—CNPq (Process 404929/2016–8). Iara C. A. Bolina thanks the FAPEMIG for the student fellowship, and Adriano A. Mendes thanks the CNPq for the research fellowship (PQ-2 CA EQ, Process 301355/2017-7).

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  1. Graduate Program in Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil

    Iara C. A. Bolina & Adriano A. Mendes

  2. Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil

    Iara C. A. Bolina

  3. Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, MG, 37130-001, Brazil

    Raphael A. B. Gomes & Adriano A. Mendes

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  1. Iara C. A. Bolina
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Iara C. A. Bolina, Raphael A. B. Gomes, and Adriano A. Mendes performed the paper writing and final editing of the manuscript. Adriano A. Mendes took care of the conceptualization, supervision, and funding acquisition. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

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Bolina, I.C.A., Gomes, R.A.B. & Mendes, A.A. Biolubricant Production from Several Oleaginous Feedstocks Using Lipases as Catalysts: Current Scenario and Future Perspectives. Bioenerg. Res. 14, 1039–1057 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12155-020-10242-4

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