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Distillery Residues from Cistus ladanifer (Rockrose) as Feedstock for the Production of Added-Value Phenolic Compounds and Hemicellulosic Oligosaccharides

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Abstract

Cistus ladanifer residues obtained after essential oil distillation were extracted with ethanol and water (CLRext) and subsequently hydrothermally treated (autohydrolysis) in order to selectively hydrolyze hemicelluloses. The extraction removed a significant amount of potentially valuable compounds (40% w/w, dry basis), foremost, phenolic compounds (0.363 and 0.250 g gallic acid equivalent/g extract, respectively, for water and ethanol). Autohydrolysis was studied under diverse severity factors (log Ro), in the temperature range of 150 to 230 °C. The hydrolyzates mainly contain oligosaccharides, reaching the highest concentration (23.5 g/L) for log Ro of 3.07 (190 °C), corresponding to a yield of 15 g oligosaccharides/100 g dry feedstock. The processed solids are enriched in glucan and lignin. The maximum glucan content (35%) was attained at log Ro of 3.51 (205 °C). Py-GC/MS confirmed the reduction of pentose-derived carbohydrates in the solid after hydrothermal treatment and an increase of syringil units in the lignin compared to the untreated biomass. These results show the potential use of this C. ladanifer residue for the production of phenolic extracts, and hemicellulosic oligosaccharides, together with the production of a cellulose- and lignin-rich solid stream.

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Abbreviations

ACO:

Acetyl groups linked to oligosaccharides

AOS:

Arabinooligosaccharides

C:

Carbohydrate-derived products

CLRs:

Cistus ladanifer residues

CLRext:

Extracted Cistus ladanifer residues

CZE:

Capillary zone electrophoresis

G:

Guaiacyl

GAE:

Gallic acid equivalent

Glc:

Glucose

GlcOS:

Glucooligosaccharides

H:

p-hydroxyphenyl

HAA:

Hydroxyacetaldehyde

HMF:

5-Hydroxymethylfurfural

HPLC:

High-performance liquid chromatography

LHW:

Liquid hot water

n.d.:

Not detected

NDL:

Lignin origin not identified

Py-GC/MS:

Pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

S:

Syringyl

XOS:

Xylooligosaccharides

Xyl:

Xylose

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Acknowledgments

The authors thank Duarte Neiva, Patrícia Moniz, Cláudia Tavares, Céu Penedo e Belina Ribeiro for laboratorial help.

Funding

This work was financed by CAPES – Brazilian Federal Agency for Support and Evaluation of Graduate Education within the Ministry of Education of Brazil.

This work was conducted during the doctoral scholarship of Junia Alves-Ferreira (Process 9109/13-7) and financed by CAPES – Brazilian Federal Agency for Support and Evaluation of Graduate Education within the Ministry of Education of Brazil. Ana Lourenço acknowledges a post-doc scholarship funded by the Portuguese Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) (SFRH/BPD/95385/2013). This work was supported by the QREN Project “Biomassa Endógena” (Portugal). Centro de Estudos Florestais and Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais Mediterrânicas are research units funded by FCT (UID/AGR/00239/2019 and UID/AGR/00115/2019, respectively).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Unidade de Bioenergia, LNEG - Laboratório Nacional de Energia e Geologia, Estrada do Paço do Lumiar, 22, 1649-038, Lisbon, Portugal

    Júnia Alves-Ferreira, Luís C. Duarte, Luísa B. Roseiro & Florbela Carvalheiro

  2. Centro de Biotecnologia Agrícola e Agro-Alimentar do Alentejo (CEBAL)/Instituto Politécnico de Beja (IPBeja), Rua Pedro Soares, s.n. - Campus IPBeja / ESAB, Apartado 6158, 7801-908, Beja, Portugal

    Júnia Alves-Ferreira & Maria C. Fernandes

  3. Centro de Estudos Florestais, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1349-017, Lisbon, Portugal

    Júnia Alves-Ferreira, Ana Lourenço & Helena Pereira

  4. ICAAM - Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais Mediterrânicas, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada, Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7002-554, Évora, Portugal

    Maria C. Fernandes

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  1. Júnia Alves-Ferreira
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  2. Luís C. Duarte
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  3. Ana Lourenço
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  4. Luísa B. Roseiro
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  5. Maria C. Fernandes
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  6. Helena Pereira
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Alves-Ferreira, J., Duarte, L.C., Lourenço, A. et al. Distillery Residues from Cistus ladanifer (Rockrose) as Feedstock for the Production of Added-Value Phenolic Compounds and Hemicellulosic Oligosaccharides. Bioenerg. Res. 12, 347–358 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12155-019-09975-8

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