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Mixed-methods analysis of cultural influences on the attitudes of love and hate

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Abstract

Objectives

The religious influence on the construction of emotions like love and hate have lacked empirical attention. This study sought to address this issue by exploring the influence of culture and religion on love and hate using both quantitative and qualitative measures.

Method

Samples from Japan (n = 397), Thailand (n = 258), the U.S. (n = 198), and Sweden (n = 80) took an online survey on either love or hate. Quantitative measures were used to assess either positive or negative attitudes towards love and hate while qualitative measures were used to assess differences in the concepts of love and hate.

Results

Quantitative measures revealed that cultures (Japan and Thailand) with stronger Buddhist influence tend to have more moderate views of love and hate, while cultures with stronger Christian (Sweden and the U.S.) influence tend to have more polarized views of love and hate. Qualitative measures revealed that although the universal presence of love and hate share similar qualities across cultures, there are unique elements of both that may be lost when measuring love and hate.

Conclusions

These findings demonstrate a need to consider the religious influence on emotions. Especially when it comes to emotions like love and hate which have considerable influence over relationships, formation of family, and dissolution of alliances, religion may have a significantly broader influence than currently considered in the empirical literature.

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Funding

This research was partially supported by the Institute for Humane Studies.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Hawai’i - West O’ahu, 91-1001 Farrington HWY, HI, 96707, Kapolei, USA

    Katherine Aumer, Kristin Gray & Noah Fugett

  2. Hawai’i Pacific University, HI, Honolulu, USA

    Jun Sato, Max Austli & R. Alexander Blake

  3. Roosevelt University, Chicago, IL, USA

    Marc Jaksuwijitkorn

  4. Antioch University, Seattle, WA, USA

    Jack Krizizke

  5. University of California, Riverside, CA, USA

    Michael A. Erickson

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  1. Katherine Aumer
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Correspondence to Katherine Aumer.

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Public Significant Statement

Different countries have different religions and values that can impact attitudes towards and concepts of emotions. A quantitative and qualitative study compared 4 different countries' concepts of love and hate. Countries like Thailand and Japan had more moderate views of love and hate while countries like the U.S. and Sweden had more polarized views, likely due to the religious differences in these countries.

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Aumer, K., Sato, J., Jaksuwijitkorn, M. et al. Mixed-methods analysis of cultural influences on the attitudes of love and hate. Curr Psychol 43, 1994–2004 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-04460-0

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