Skip to main content

Cultural Diversity of Romantic Love Experience

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
International Handbook of Love

Abstract

This theoretical article presents the review of modern cross-cultural research on love. Despite the cross-cultural universality of love, its specific interpretation differs from culture to culture. This review of cross-cultural findings depicts the diversity of romantic love experience across cultures.

Love is the variety of emotions. Therefore, the cultural context of their emotional life has an impact on how people experience love. The diversity of emotional experience reflects on love beliefs, attitudes, and feelings. As for the specific experiences of love, the article presents the examples and discusses

  1. 1.

    Experience of passion in love, along with reviewing its cross-cultural similarities and differences;

  2. 2.

    Romantic experience in love, in the frame of romantic beliefs, attitudes, and idealization, romantic ideas of union, exclusivity, and jealousy;

  3. 3.

    Erotic and sexual experience of love, as well as their relations from different cultural views;

  4. 4.

    Joyful and powerful experience of love, along with describing the joy, satisfaction, and happiness that love brings;

  5. 5.

    Maladaptive experience of love, along with emotional instability, suffering, obsessive, and possessive feelings.

All these experiences of love have culturally specific accents in the minds of people from different cultures. The chapter summarizes the variety of theoretical and empirical findings from various disciplines, such as anthropology, psychology, sociology, and communication science.

The research findings on how people with different cultural background experience love should be valuable for multicultural couples, psychologists, counselors, social workers, and other practitioners working with multicultural population.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 299.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 379.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 379.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Aksan, Y., & Kantar, D. (2008). No wellness feels better than this sickness: Love metaphors from a cross-cultural perspective. Metaphor and Symbol, 23(4), 262–291.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anapol, D. (2010). Polyamory in the 21st century: Love and intimacy with multiple partners. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.

    Google Scholar 

  • Argyle, M. (2001). The psychology of happiness. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barrón, A., de Paúl, P., Martinez-Iñigo, D., & Yela, C. (1999). Beliefs and romantic myths in Spain. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 2(1), 64–73.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berglund, S., Liljestrand, J., Marín, F. D. M., Salgado, N., & Zelaya, E. (1997). The background of adolescent pregnancies in Nicaragua: A qualitative approach. Social Science & Medicine, 44(1), 1–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berscheid, E., & Walster, E. (1978). Interpersonal attraction (2nd ed.). Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. (Original work published 1969).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhugra, D. (1993). Cross-cultural aspects of jealousy. International Review of Psychiatry, 5(2–3), 271–280.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burger, R. (2012). Behind the red door: Sex in China. London: Earnshaw.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chang, D., & Li, Y. (2006). Visual representations of Kövecses’s conceptual metaphor “love is fire” in the Chinese comic old master Q’. Bayreuth, Germany. Retrieved from http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.507.7887&rep=rep1&type=pdf

  • Crossley, A., & Langridge, D. (2005). Perceived sources of happiness: A network analysis. Journal of Happiness Studies, 6, 107–135.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, E., Greenberger, E., Charles, S., Chen, C., Zhao, L., & Dong, Q. (2012). Emotion experience and regulation in China and the United States: How do culture and gender shape emotion responding? International Journal of Psychology, 47(3), 230–239.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Munck, V. C., & Korotayev, A. (1999). Sexual equality and romantic love: A reanalysis of Rosenblatt’s study on the function of romantic love. Cross-Cultural Research, 33(3), 265–277.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Munck, V. C., Korotayev, A., de Munck, J., & Khaltourina, D. (2011). Cross-cultural analysis of models of romantic love among US residents, Russians, and Lithuanians. Cross-Cultural Research, 45(2), 128–154.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Munck, V., Korotayev, A., & Khaltourina, D. (2009). A comparative study of the structure of love in the US and Russia: Finding a common core of characteristics and national and gender differences. Ethnology: An International Journal of Cultural and Social Anthropology, 48(4), 337–357.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Munck, V. C., & Kronenfeld, D. B. (2016). Romantic love in the United States: Applying cultural models theory and methods. SAGE Open, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244015622797

  • De Roda, A. B. L., Martínez-Iñigo, D., De Paul, P., & Yela, C. (1999). Romantic beliefs and myths in Spain. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 2, 64–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Silva, D., & De Silva, P. (1999). Morbid jealousy in an Asian country: A clinical exploration from Sri Lanka. International Review of Psychiatry, 11(2–3), 116–121.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Demir, M. (2008). Sweetheart, you really make me happy: Romantic relationship quality and personality as predictors of happiness among emerging adults. Journal of Happiness Studies, 9(2), 257–277.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • D’Hondt, W., & Vandewiele, M. (1983). Attitudes of West African students toward love and marriage. Psychological Reports, 53(2), 615–621.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Díaz-Vera, J. E., & Caballero, R. (2013). Exploring the feeling-emotions continuum across cultures: Jealousy in English and Spanish. Intercultural Pragmatics, 10(2), 265–294.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Diener, E., Gohm, C., Suh, E., & Oishi, S. (2000). Similarity of the relations between marital status and subjective well-being across cultures. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 31, 419–436.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dion, K. L., & Dion, K. K. (1973). Correlates of romantic love. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 41(1), 51–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dush, C. M. K., & Amato, P. R. (2005). Consequences of relationship status and quality for subjective well-being. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 22, 607–627.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dzaja, N. (2008). Lovesickness: The most common form of heart disease. University of West Ontario Medical Journal (UWOMJ), 78(1), 66–69.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eggleston, E., Jackson, J., & Hardee, K. (1999). Sexual attitudes and behavior among young adolescents in Jamaica. International Family Planning Perspectives, 25(2), 78–91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Farrer, J., Tsuchiya, H., & Bagrowicz, B. (2008). Emotional expression in tsukiau dating relationships in Japan. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 25(1), 169–188.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, H. (2004). Why we love: The nature and chemistry of romantic love. New York, NY: Henry Holt.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fok, H. K., & Cheng, S. T. (2018). Intimate relationships and happiness in Asia: A critical review. In M. Demir & N. Sümer (Eds.), Close relationships and happiness across cultures (pp. 55–67). Cham: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Galinha, I. C., Oishi, S., Pereira, C. R., Wirtz, D., & Esteves, F. (2014). Adult attachment, love styles, relationship experiences and subjective well-being: Cross-cultural and gender comparison between Americans, Portuguese, and Mozambicans. Social Indicators Research, 119(2), 823–852.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garcia, A., Pereira, F. N., & Bucher-Maluschke, J. S. (2018). Close relationships and happiness in South America. In M. Demir & N. Sümer (Eds.), Close relationships and happiness across cultures (pp. 69–85). Cham: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Garis, L. (1984, April 22). Simenon’s last case. The New York Times, 20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Giddens, A. (1992). The transformation of intimacy: Sexuality, love, and eroticism in modern societies. Cambridge: Polity.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gross, L. (1944). A belief pattern scale for measuring attitudes toward romanticism. American Sociological Review, 9(5), 463–472.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hagene, T. (2008). Negotiating love in post-revolutionary Nicaragua: The role of love in the reproduction of gender asymmetry. Oxford, UK: Peter Lang.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hajal, F. (1994). Diagnosis and treatment of lovesickness: An Islamic Medieval case study. Psychiatric Services, 45(7), 647–650.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hatfield, E., & Rapson, R. L. (1987). Passionate love: New directions in research. In W. H. Jones & D. Perlman (Eds.), Advances in personal relationships (Vol. 1). Greenwich, CT: JAI.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hatfield, E., & Rapson, R. L. (1993). Love, sex, and intimacy: Their psychology, biology, and history. New York, NY: HarperCollins.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hendrick, C., & Hendrick, S. (1986). A theory and method of love. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 392–402.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hendrick, C., & Hendrick, S. (1989). Research on love: Does it measure up? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 784–794.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hendrick, S. S., & Hendrick, C. (1992). Romantic love: An interdisciplinary analysis of the complex and elusive nature of love. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hendrick, S. S., & Hendrick, C. (2002). Linking romantic love with sex: Development of the perceptions of love and sex scale. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 19(3), 361–378.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hendrick, C., Hendrick, S. S., & Dicke, A. (1998). The love attitudes scale: Short form. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 15(2), 147–159.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hinkle, D. E., & Sporakowski, M. J. (1975). Attitudes toward love: A reexamination. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 37(4), 764–767.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hochschild, A. (1979). Emotion work, feeling rules, and social structure. American Journal of Sociology, 85(3), 551–575.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jankowiak, W. (Ed.). (1995). Romantic passion: A universal experience? New York, NY: Columbia University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jankowiak, W. (2013). From courtship to dating culture: China’s emergent youth. In P. Link, R. Madsen, & P. Pickowitz (Eds.), China at risk (pp. 191–214). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jankowiak, W., Bell, M. D., & Buckmaster, A. (2002). Managing infidelity: A cross-cultural perspective. Ethnology, 41(1), 85.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jankowiak, W., Shen, Y., Yao, S., Wang, C., & Volsche, S. (2015). Investigating love’s universal attributes: A research report from China. Cross-Cultural Research, 49(4), 422–436.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Karandashev, V. (2017). Romantic love in cultural contexts. New York, NY: Springer.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Karandashev, V. (2019). Cross-cultural perspectives on the experience and expression of love. New York, NY: Springer.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Karandashev, V., Zarubko, E., Artemyeva, V., Neto, F., Surmanidze, L., & Feybesse, C. (2016). Sensory values in romantic attraction in four Europeans countries: Gender and cross-cultural comparison. Cross-Cultural Research, 50(5), 478–504. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069397116674446

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kephart, W. M. (1967). Some correlates of romantic love. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 29(3), 470–474.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Khaleque, A. R., & Rohner, N. (2004). Intimate adult relationships, quality of life and psychological adjustment. Social Indicators Research, 69, 351–360.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kim, J., & Hatfield, E. (2004). Love types and subjective well-being: A cross-cultural study. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 32(2), 173–182.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kim, H. J., & Hupka, R. B. (2002). Comparison of associative meaning of the concepts of anger, envy, fear, romantic jealousy, and sadness between English and Korean. Cross-Cultural Research, 36(3), 229–255.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kitayama, S., Markus, H. R., & Matsumoto, H. (1995). Culture, self, and emotion: A cultural perspective on “self-conscious” emotions. In J. P. Tangney & K. W. Fischer (Eds.), Self-conscious emotions: The psychology of shame, guilt, embarrassment, and pride (pp. 439–464). New York, NY: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Knee, R. (1998). Implicit theories of relationships: Assessment and prediction of romantic relationship initiation, coping, and longevity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 360–370.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Knox, D. H., & Sporakowski, M. J. (1968). College students attitudes toward love. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 30, 638–642.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kövecses, Z. (1988). The language of love: The semantics of passion in conversational English. Lewisburg, PA: Bucknell University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kövecses, Z. (1990). Emotion concepts. New York, NY: Springer.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Kövecses, Z. (2005). Metaphor in culture: Universality and variation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Larson, D. R. (1983). Sexuality and Christian ethics. A Report from Argentina Second Thoughts on Military Service Inside the Weimar Institute, 15(1), 10–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, J. (1973). The colors of love: The exploration of the ways of loving. Ontario: New Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, J. (1976). The colors of love. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, J. A. (1977). A typology of styles of loving. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 3(2), 173–182.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, J. A. (1988). Love styles. In R. J. Sternberg & M. L. Barnes (Eds.), The psychology of love. Yale: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leonti, M., & Casu, L. (2018). Ethnopharmacology of love. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 9(567), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2018.00567

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lim, N. (2016). Cultural differences in emotion: Differences in emotional arousal level between the east and the west. Integrative Medicine Research, 5(2), 105–109.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lindholm, C. (1995). Love as an experience of transcendence. In W. Jankowiak (Ed.), Romantic passion: A universal experience? (pp. 57–71). New York, NY: Columbia University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindholm, C. (1998). The future of love. In V. C. De Munck (Ed.), Romantic love and sexual desire behavior: Perspectives from social sciences (pp. 17–32). Westport, CT: Praeger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lomas, T. (2018). The flavours of love: A cross-cultural lexical analysis. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 48, 134–152.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lutz, C. (1988). Unnatural emotions: Everyday sentiments on a Micronesian atoll and their challenge to Western theory. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Lv, Z., & Zhang, Y. (2012). Universality and variation of conceptual metaphor of love in Chinese and English. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 2(2), 355–359.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lynch, O. M. (Ed.). (1990). Divine passions: The social construction of emotion in India. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marazziti, D., Akiskal, H. S., Rossi, A., & Cassano, G. B. (1999). Alteration of the platelet serotonin transporter in romantic love. Psychological Medicine, 29(3), 741–745.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marazziti, D., & Canale, D. (2004). Hormonal changes when falling in love. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 29(7), 931–936.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marston, P. J., Hecht, M. L., Manke, M. L., McDaniel, S., & Reeder, H. (1998). The subjective experience of intimacy. Passion, and commitment in heterosexual loving relationships. Personal Relationships, 5, 15–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Medora, N. P., Larson, J. H., Hortaçsu, N., & Dave, P. (2002). Perceived attitudes towards romanticism: A cross-cultural study of American, Asian-Indian, and Turkish young adults. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 33, 155–179.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mesquita, B., & Frijda, N. H. (1992). Cultural variations in emotions: A review. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 179–204.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Money, J. (1980). Love and love sickness. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Munro, B., & Adams, G. (1978). Correlates of romantic love revisited. Journal of Psychology, 98, 211–214.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murstein, B. I. (1974). Love, sex, and marriage through the ages. New York, NY: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Myers, D. (2000). The funds, friends and faith of happy people. American Psychologist, 55, 56–67.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • O’Neill, N., & O’Neill, G. (1984). Open marriage: A new life style for couples. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.

    Google Scholar 

  • Payne, M., & Vandewiele, M. (1987). Attitudes toward love in the Caribbean. Psychological Reports, 60(3), 715–721.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pennebaker, J. W., & Graybeal, A. (2001). Patterns of natural language use: Disclosure, personality, and social integration. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 10(3), 90–93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Philbrick, J. L. (1988). Love African style: A comparison of sex differences in love-attitudes of east African university students. Psychological Reports, 63(3), 913–914.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Philbrick, J. L., & Opolot, J. A. (1980). Love style: Comparison of African and American attitudes. Psychological Reports, 1980(46), 286.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Philbrick, J. L., & Stones, C. R. (1988a). Love-attitudes of white South African adolescents. Psychological Reports, 62(1), 17–18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Philbrick, J. L., & Stones, C. R. (1988b). Love attitudes in black South Africa: A comparison of school and university students. The Psychological Record, 38(2), 249–251.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pilishvili, T. S., Koyanongo E. (2016). The representation of love among Brazilians, Russians and central Africans: A comparative analysis. Psychology in Russia: State of the Art, 9 (1). Retrieved April 11, 2019, from https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/the-representation-of-love-among-brazilians-russians-and-central-africans-a-comparative-analysis

  • Rani, M., Figueroa, M. E., & Ainsle, R. (2003). The psychosocial context of young adult sexual behavior in Nicaragua: Looking through the gender lens. International Family Planning Perspectives, 29(4), 174–181.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reddy, W. M. (2012). The making of romantic love: Longing and sexuality in Europe, South Asia, and Japan, 900–1200 CE. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Reis, H. T., Collins, W. A., & Berscheid, E. (2000). The relationship context of human behavior and development. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 844–872.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenblatt, P. (1967). Marital residence and the functions of romantic love. Ethnology, 6, 471–480.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rubin, Z. (1970). Measurement of romantic love. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 16, 265–273.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sánchez, A. B. (1995). Metaphorical models of romantic love in Romeo and Juliet. Journal of Pragmatics, 24(6), 667–688.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sastry, J. (1999). Household structure, satisfaction and distress in India and the United States: A comparative cultural examination. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 30(1), 135–152.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sedikides, C., Oliver, M. B., & Campbell, W. K. (1994). Perceived benefits and costs of romantic relationships for women and men: Implications for exchange theory. Personal Relationships, 1, 5–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shaver, P. R., Wu, S., & Schwartz, J. C. (1992). Cross-cultural similarities and differences in emotion and its representation: A prototype approach. In M. S. Clark (Ed.), Review of personality and social psychology (pp. 175–212). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shweder, R. (1993). The cultural psychology of the emotions. In M. Lewis & J. M. Haviland (Eds.), The handbook of emotions (pp. 417–431). New York, NY: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simmons, C. H., vom Kolke, A., & Shimizu, H. (1986). Attitudes toward romantic love among American, German, and Japanese students. Journal of Social Psychology, 126(3), 327–336.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simmons, C. H., Wehner, E. A., & Kay, K. A. (1989). Differences in attitudes toward romantic love of French and American college students. The Journal of Social Psychology, 129(6), 793–799.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Soto, J. A., Levenson, R. W., & Ebling, R. (2005). Cultures of moderation and expression: Emotional experience, behavior, and physiology in Chinese Americans and Mexican Americans. Emotion, 5(2), 154–165.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sprecher, S., Aron, A., Hatfield, E., Cortese, A., Potapova, E., & Levitskaya, A. (1994). Love: American style, Russian style, and Japanese style. Personal Relationships, 1, 349–369.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sprecher, S., & Metts, S. (1989). Development of the romantic beliefs scale and examination of the effects of gender and gender-role orientation. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 6, 387–411.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sprecher, S., & Toro-Morn, M. (2002). A study of men and women from different sides of earth to determine if men are from Mars and women are from Venus in their beliefs about love and romantic relationships. Sex Roles, 46(5–6), 131–147.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sternberg, R. J. (1987). The triangle of love. New York, NY: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sternberg, R. J., & Barnes, H. L. (1985). Real and ideal others in romantic relationships: Is four a crowd? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49(6), 1586–1608.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stones, C. R. (1986). Love styles revisited: A cross-national comparison with particular reference to South Africa. Human Relations, 39(4), 379–381.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stones, C. R. (1992). Love attitudes of white South African and British university students. The Journal of Social Psychology, 132(5), 609–613.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stones, C. R., & Philbrick, J. L. (1989). Attitudes toward love among Xhosa university students in South Africa. The Journal of Social Psychology, 129(4), 573–575.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stones, C. R., & Philbrick, J. L. (1991). Attitudes toward love among members of a small fundamentalist community in South Africa. The Journal of Social Psychology, 131(2), 219–223.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tallis, F. (2004). Lovesick: Love as a mental illness. New York, NY: Thunder’s Mouth Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tennov, D. (1979/1998). Love and limerence: The experience of being in love. Lanham, MD: Scarborough House.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tillich, P. (1954a). Being and love. Pastoral Psychology, 5(3), 59–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tillich, P. (1954b). Love, power, and justice. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trawick, M. (1990). Notes on love in a Tamil family. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Vaillants, G. E. (2012). Triumphs of experience: The men of the Harvard Grant study. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Vandewiele, M., & Philbrick, J. L. (1983). Attitudes of Senegalese students toward love. Psychological Reports, 52(3), 915–918.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, R., Ting-Toomey, S., Dorjee, T., & Lee, P. S. (2012). Culture and self-construal as predictors of relational responses to emotional infidelity: China and the United States. Chinese Journal of Communication, 5(2), 137–159.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Victor Karandashev .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Karandashev, V. (2021). Cultural Diversity of Romantic Love Experience. In: Mayer, CH., Vanderheiden, E. (eds) International Handbook of Love. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45996-3_4

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics