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Geotechnical properties of materials used in landfill clay liner: A critical review

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Abstract

The earliest method of waste disposal is dumping waste in landfills. The important component of landfills which prevents the passage of leachate to the subsoil is defined as the bottom liner. A landfill liner must contain a specific range in terms of swelling behavior, strength, and permeability before placing down beneath the constructed landfills. The present paper summarizes the detail of the different materials and their feasibility which satisfy the criteria to be used as landfills liner. The detail of findings of microstructural analysis (SEM–EDX, XRD, FT-IR, etc.) along with the waste materials which compact the particles and enhance the strength and stability of soils is also discussed. A lot of landfill liner materials such as Bentonite, sand, fly ash, cement, biochar, marine clay, lateritic soil, and geosynthetics have been used to enhance the geotechnical properties of liners. Among all, geosynthetic clay liner (GCL) and compacted clay liner (CCL) show increased hydraulic conductivity for clay soil with high plasticity whereas this value reduces for clayey soil having low plasticity with the increase in the concentration of the salt solution. The hydraulic conductivity of the mix containing biochar, bentonite, and sand is found to be 1 × 10−9 m/s. The hydraulic conductivity and shear strength of the soil increases while the compressibility of the soil decreases with an increase in the biochar percentage having smaller particle size. Also, the alkaline activator is suggested to be best for soil stabilization as compared to standard Portland cement. The development of new materials must be environmentally sustainable and should contain sufficient shear strength so that it can sustain the overburdened load of dumped waste. It should also be free from cracking so that the contamination of subsoil and groundwater can be minimized.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Patna, Patna, Bihar, 800005, India

    Rajiv Kumar & Sunita Kumari

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  1. Rajiv Kumar
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  2. Sunita Kumari
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Correspondence to Sunita Kumari.

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Abbreviations

Abbreviations

AL:

Aluminium

BT:

Bentonite

BEWFS:

Bentonite enhanced waste foundry sand

B:

Bentonite

BAF:

Bandel fly ash

CT:

Cement

Ca:

Calcium

CCL:

Compacted clay liner

C:

Cement

CC:

Calcite

CPW:

Ceramic Powder Waste

CH:

Calcium hydroxide

CSH:

Calcium silicate hydrate

CASH:

Calcium-based aluminum silicate hydrate

COD:

Chemical oxygen demand

EPA:

Environmental protection agency

EDAX:

Energy-dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy

EDX:

Energy dispersive spectroscopy

FS:

Fine sand

FT-IR:

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

FA:

Fly ash

GBFS:

Granulated blast furnace slag

GMZ:

Gaomiaozi

GGBFS:

Grand Granulated Blast Furnace Slag

G:

Specific gravity

GCL:

Geosynthetic clay liner

GGBS:

Ground granulated blast furnace slag

HDPE:

High-density polyethylene

I:

Illite

JCPDS:

Joint committee on powder diffraction standards

K:

Kaolinite

L:

Laterite

LL:

Liquid limit

LS:

Local soil

MS:

Medium sand

MC:

Montmorillonite clay

M:

Montmorillonite

MDD:

Maximum dry density

MD:

Marble dust

Na:

Sodium

OMC:

Optimum moisture content

PL:

Plastic limit

PC:

Portland cement

PA:

Pond Ash

P:

Portlandite

PI:

Plasticity index

PVA:

Polyvinyl alcohol

QD:

Quarry Dust

Q:

Quartz

RHA:

Rice husk ash

SEM:

Scanning electron microscope

SSA:

Sewage sludge ash

S:

Sand

UCS:

Unconfined compressive strength

XRD:

X-ray diffraction

Z:

Zeolite

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Kumar, R., Kumari, S. Geotechnical properties of materials used in landfill clay liner: A critical review. Sādhanā 48, 64 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12046-023-02124-0

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12046-023-02124-0

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