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Microstructural and compositional variations of allanite in hydrothermal veins: Implications for REE mobilization in Chhotanagpur Granite Gneiss Complex, Purulia district, West Bengal, India

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Abstract

This study employs a combination of texture and composition of allanite to investigate the chemical evolution of rare earth elements (REEs) in the hydrothermal veins within the Chhotanagpur Granite Gneiss Complex around Kalapathar area, Purulia district, West Bengal, India. Allanite occurs as pockets and lumps in the hydrothermal veins. Locally, the allanite pockets/lumps have high concentrations of REEs (∑REEs ~9.8 wt.%), Th (up to 1427.2 ppm) and U (up to 642.1 ppm). Three hydrothermal fluids and associated REE mobilization have been distinguished and characterized. The hydrothermal fluid1 causes metasomatic addition of REEs that leads to the formation of early REE-enriched allanite. Hydrothermal fluid2 imposed changes in the texture and composition of the allanite where the early allanite was replaced by relatively REE-depleted allanite following the substitution scheme REE+3 + (Fe+2, Mg+2) → Ca+2 + (Al, Fe+3). The hydrothermal fluid3 is marked by the alteration of allanites to the bastnaesite and monazite. REEs have been transported mainly in aqueous chloro-complexes with high to moderate salinity and low homogenization temperature (257°–361°C). The timing of the hydrothermal event is established through U–Th–total Pb dating of monazite, yielding at around 875 ± 43 Ma.

Research highlights

  1. 1.

    The allanite clots and lumps in hydrothermal veins within CGGC around Kalapathar, Purulia District, West Bengal display high ∑REEs up to 9.8 wt.% along with Th and U up to 1427.22 and 642.14 ppm, respectively.

  2. 2.

    The hydrothermal event has been characterized linked with two distinct varieties of allanite growth.

  3. 3.

    The transportation of REEs occurs in aqueous chloro-complexes during the hydrothermal event.

  4. 4.

    The timing of hydrothermal events and growth of the allanites has been determined.

  5. 5.

    REE-enriched magmatic intrusion.

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Abbreviations

Aln:

Allanite

Chl:

Chlorite

Ur:

Uraninite

Sc:

Scapolite

Bst:

Bastnaesite

Di:

Diopside

Ba:

Baryte

Kfs:

K-feldspar

Mnz:

Monazite

Per:

Perrierite

Qtz:

Quartz

Cal:

Calcite

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Acknowledgements

The authors express their gratitude to the Director General, GSI and Additional Director General, Eastern Region, for the administrative support in carrying out the fieldwork. The authors also thank Shri Bulbul Mondal, Senior Geologist, and Shri Pritam Panja, Senior Geologist, GSI, State Unit: West Bengal and Andaman, for their assistance during fieldwork. The authors are thankful to all the officers of EPMA Laboratory and Fluid Inclusion Laboratory, CPL, GSI, Kolkata, Regional Chemical Laboratory, GSI, Eastern Region, Kolkata, and LA-ICP-MS Laboratory, GSI, Faridabad for their active support during the analysis process. We would like to express our gratitude to two anonymous reviewers for their comprehensive evaluation of the manuscript. Their valuable feedback has significantly contributed to enhancing the overall quality of the manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Geological Survey of India, Eastern Region, Kolkata, 700 091, India

    Prithwiraj Maiti, Aparajita Datta & Shilpa V Khandolkar

  2. Geological Survey of India, G and IG Division, NCEGR, Kolkata, 700 091, India

    Trisrota Chaudhury

  3. Geological Survey of India, M&CSD, East Coast II, Vishakapatnam, 530 018, India

    Sujit Kumar Tripathy

  4. Geological Survey of India, CPL, NCEGR, Kolkata, 700 016, India

    Monotrisha Dey

  5. Geological Survey of India, State Unit: Tripura, Agartala, 799 006, India

    Anjana Ritu Ekka

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  1. Prithwiraj Maiti
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Contributions

Prithwiraj Maiti: Investigation, conceptualization, methodology, formal analysis and writing – original draft preparation. Aparajita Datta: Supervision, project administration, data curation and writing – review and editing. Trisrota Chaudhury: Visualization, investigation, data curation and formal analysis. Sujit Kumar Tripathy: Supervision and resources. Monotrisha Dey and Shilpa V Khandolkar: Investigation and software. Anjana Ritu Ekka: Investigation.

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Correspondence to Prithwiraj Maiti.

Additional information

Communicated by Ramananda Chakrabarti

Corresponding editor: Ramananda Chakrabarti

Appendix

Appendix

Detection limit in XRF

 

SiO2 (wt.%)

TiO2 (wt.%)

Al2O3 (wt.%)

Fe2O3 (wt.%)

MnO (wt.%)

MgO (wt.%)

CaO (wt.%)

Na2O (wt.%)

K2O (wt.%)

P2O5 (wt.%)

Sr (ppm)

Detection limit

0.1

0.01 w

0.1

0.1

0.003

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.01

5

Detection limit in ICP-MS

 

La

Ce

Pr

Nd

Eu

Sm

Tb

Gd

Dy

Ho

Er

Tm

Yb

Lu

Hf

Ta

Th

U

Rb

Detection limit (ppm)

1

8

0.075

0.056

0.006

0.05

0.028

0.025

0.01

0.01

0.015

0.012

0.0034

0.0023

0.5

0.2

4

0.5

3

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Maiti, P., Datta, A., Chaudhury, T. et al. Microstructural and compositional variations of allanite in hydrothermal veins: Implications for REE mobilization in Chhotanagpur Granite Gneiss Complex, Purulia district, West Bengal, India. J Earth Syst Sci 133, 55 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-024-02259-6

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