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Geomorphic signature of active tectonics in Simav Graben: An evaluation of indicator relative tectonic activity of Simav Fault and its seismotectonic implications for Western Anatolia

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Abstract

The main objective of this study is to analyze geomorphic landforms and quantitatively measure various geomorphic parameters to investigate the relative tectonic activity, vertical slip rate, and uplift rate of the Simav Fault. The Simav Fault, which is ~25 km long and morphologically composed of five mountain fronts forms the NW section of the ~400 km long Afyon–Simav Fault System (ASFS) within the Western Anatolian Graben System (WAGS). The mountain front sinuosity (Smf) and valley floor width-to-height ratio (Vf) hypsometric integral (HI) and hypsometric curve (HC), asymmetry factor (AF), drainage basin shape (Bs) and stream length gradient index (SL) indices were calculated to determine the relative tectonic activity in the mountain fronts and drainage areas bounded by the Simav Fault. The spatial distribution of the index of relative tectonic activity (Iat) was revealed using the combination of the obtained morphometric analysis results. Geomorphic indices indicated that high tectonic activity is intensified along the entire Simav Fault, which has a normal fault component, whereas medium and low tectonic activity is calculated on faults with strike-slip components. The highest vertical slip rates obtained using the slopes of the facets were calculated as 0.19 mm/y for MF-2 and MF-4 and the lowest as 0.07 mm/y for MF-5. Furthermore, using the heights of the facets and vertical slip rates, the youngest mountain front was found to be MF-2 (8.17 ma) and the oldest mountain front was found to be MF-5 (14.71 ma). The obtained vertical slip rate and age data showed that the mountain front in the central part of the Simav Fault is younger with having higher vertical slip rate. According to this study, the Simav Fault has played a decisive role in the evolvement of the actual morphology in the study area, has produced moderate earthquakes in the last century, and is thought to have the potential to produce larger earthquakes in the future (up to M6.71). It is important for the region to investigate and reveal the earthquake potential of this fault through paleoseismic studies.

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Acknowledgements

Previously, the Late Prof Edward A Keller (Environmental Studies and Department of Earth Science, University of California, Santa Barbara) motivated us to study such a region at the forefront of its seismicity. He was unable to contribute much to the writing of the paper due to his illness. Unfortunately, we lost Keller on 09.09.2022. This paper is dedicated to the memory of Edward A Keller who spent many years in the Science of Geomorphology and made undeniable contributions.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Geological Engineering, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Türkiye

    Savaş Topal

  2. Department of Geological Engineering, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Türkiye

    Mustafa Softa

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  1. Savaş Topal
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Contributions

S Topal: Conceptualization, analysis, investigation, methodology, writing–original draft, writing–review, and editing; M Softa: Data curation, investigation, methodology, writing–review, and editing.

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Correspondence to Savaş Topal.

Additional information

Communicated by George Mathew

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Topal, S., Softa, M. Geomorphic signature of active tectonics in Simav Graben: An evaluation of indicator relative tectonic activity of Simav Fault and its seismotectonic implications for Western Anatolia. J Earth Syst Sci 132, 95 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-023-02110-4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-023-02110-4

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