Abstract
This review summarizes recent studies of the cold neutral hydrogen gas associated with galaxies probed via the HI 21-cm absorption line. HI 21-cm absorption against background radio-loud quasars is a powerful tool to study the neutral gas distribution and kinematics in foreground galaxies from kilo-parsec to parsec scales. At low redshifts (\(z<0.4\)), it has been used to characterize the distribution of high column density neutral gas around galaxies and study the connection of this gas with the galaxy’s optical properties. The neutral gas around galaxies has been found to be patchy in distribution, with variations in optical depth observed at both kilo-parsec and parsec scales. At high redshifts (\(z>0.5\)), HI 21-cm absorption has been used to study the neutral gas in metal or \(\mathrm{Lyman}-\alpha \) absorption-selected galaxies. It has been found to be closely linked with the metal and dust content of the gas. Trends of various properties like incidence, spin temperature and velocity width of HI 21-cm absorption with redshift have been studied, which imply evolution of cold gas properties in galaxies with cosmic time. Upcoming large blind surveys of HI 21-cm absorption with next generation radio telescopes are expected to determine accurately the redshift evolution of the number density of HI 21-cm absorbers per unit redshift and hence understand what drives the global star formation rate density evolution.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bagetakos, I., Brinks, E., Walter, F., et al. 2011, AJ, 141, 23
Bahcall, J. N., Ekers, R. D. 1969, ApJ, 157, 1055
Battisti, A. J., Meiring, J. D., Tripp, T. M., et al. 2012, ApJ, 744, 93
Begeman, K. G. 1987, PhD thesis, Kapteyn Institute
Begum, A., Chengalur, J. N., Karachentsev, I. D., Sharina, M. E., Kaisin, S. S. 2008, MNRAS, 386, 1667
Bergeron, J., Boissé, P. 1991, A&A, 243, 344
Biggs, A. D., Zwaan, M. A., Hatziminaoglou, E., Péroux, C., Liske, J. 2016, MNRAS, 462, 2819
Bordoloi, R., Lilly, S. J., Kacprzak, G. G., Churchill, C. W. 2014a, ApJ, 784, 108
Bordoloi, R., Tumlinson, J., Werk, J. K., et al. 2014b, ApJ, 796, 136
Borthakur, S. 2016, ApJ, 829, 128
Borthakur, S., Tripp, T. M., Yun, M. S., et al. 2011, ApJ, 727, 52
Borthakur, S., Heckman, T., Tumlinson, J., et al. 2015, ApJ, 813, 46
Bosma, A. 1978, PhD thesis, PhD Thesis, Groningen Univ.
Bosma, A. 1981a, AJ, 86, 1791
Bosma, A. 1981b, AJ, 86, 1825
Braun, R. 1997, ApJ, 484, 637
Briggs, F. H., Wolfe, A. M. 1983, ApJ, 268, 76
Broeils, A. H. 1992, A&A, 256, 19
Brown, R. L., Roberts, M. S. 1973, ApJ, 184, L7
Bundy, K., Bershady, M. A., Law, D. R., et al. 2015, ApJ, 798, 7
Carilli, C. L., Menten, K. M., Reid, M. J., Rupen, M. P., Yun, M. S. 1998, ApJ, 494, 175
Carilli, C. L., Perlman, E. S., Stocke, J. T. 1992, ApJ, 400, L13
Carilli, C. L., van Gorkom, J. H. 1992, ApJ, 399, 373
Carilli, C. L., Menten, K. M., Stocke, J. T., et al. 2000, Phys. Rev. Lett., 85, 5511
Catinella, B., Cortese, L. 2015, MNRAS, 446, 3526
Chang, T.-C., Pen, U.-L., Bandura, K., Peterson, J. B. 2010, Nature, 466, 463
Chen, H.-W., Helsby, J. E., Gauthier, J.-R., et al. 2010, ApJ, 714, 1521
Chen, H.-W., Lanzetta, K. M., Webb, J. K., Barcons, X. 2001, ApJ, 559, 654
Chengalur, J. N., de Bruyn, A. G., Narasimha, D. 1999, A&A, 343, L79
Chengalur, J. N., Kanekar, N. 2003, Phys. Rev. Lett., 91, 241302
Chung, A., van Gorkom, J. H., Kenney, J. D. P., Crowl, H., Vollmer, B. 2009, AJ, 138, 1741
Churchill, C. W., Nielsen, N. M., Kacprzak, G. G., Trujillo-Gomez, S. 2013, ApJ, 763, L42
Clark, B. G., Radhakrishnan, V., Wilson, R. W. 1962, ApJ, 135, 151
Combes, F., Gupta, N., Jozsa, G. I. G., Momjian, E. 2019, A&A, 623, A133
Croom, S. M., Lawrence, J. S., Bland-Hawthorn, J., et al. 2012, MNRAS, 421, 872
Curran, S. J., Murphy, M. T., Pihlström, Y. M., Webb, J. K., Purcell, C. R. 2005, MNRAS, 356, 1509
Curran, S. J., Tzanavaris, P., Darling, J. K., et al. 2010, MNRAS, 402, 35
Dalton, G., Trager, S. C., Abrams, D. C., et al. 2012, in Proc. SPIE, Vol. 8446, Ground-based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy IV, 84460P
de Blok, W. J. G., Walter, F., Brinks, E., et al. 2008, AJ, 136, 2648
Decarli, R., Walter, F., Gonzalez-Lopez, J., et al. 2019, ApJ, 882, 138
Delhaize, J., Meyer, M. J., Staveley-Smith, L., Boyle, B. J. 2013, MNRAS, 433, 1398
Dickey, J. M., Kulkarni, S. R., van Gorkom, J. H., Heiles, C. E. 1983, ApJS, 53, 591
Dickey, J. M., Mebold, U., Stanimirovic, S., Staveley-Smith, L. 2000, ApJ, 536, 756
Dutta, R., Gupta, N., Srianand, R., O’Meara, J. M. 2016, MNRAS, 456, 4209
Dutta, R., Srianand, R., Gupta, N., Joshi, R. 2017a, MNRAS, 468, 1029
Dutta, R., Srianand, R., Gupta, N., et al. 2017b, MNRAS, 465, 4249
Dutta, R., Srianand, R., Gupta, N., et al. 2017c, MNRAS, 465, 588
Dutta, R., Srianand, R., Muzahid, S., et al. 2015, MNRAS, 448, 3718
Ewen, H. I., Purcell, E. M. 1951, Nature, 168, 356
Fernández, X., Gim, H. B., van Gorkom, J. H., et al. 2016, ApJ, 824, L1
Field, G. B. 1959, ApJ, 129, 536
Field, G. B., Goldsmith, D. W., Habing, H. J. 1969, ApJ, 155, L149
Fynbo, J. P. U., Prochaska, J. X., Sommer-Larsen, J., Dessauges-Zavadsky, M., Møller, P. 2008, ApJ, 683, 321
Gupta, N., Momjian, E., Srianand, R., et al. 2018a, ApJ, 860, L22
Gupta, N., Srianand, R., Bowen, D. V., York, D. G., Wadadekar, Y. 2010, MNRAS, 408, 849
Gupta, N., Srianand, R., Petitjean, P., et al. 2012, A&A, 544, A21
Gupta, N., Srianand, R., Petitjean, P., Noterdaeme, P., Saikia, D. J. 2009, MNRAS, 398, 201
Gupta, N., Srianand, R., Baan, W., et al. 2016, in Proceedings of MeerKAT Science: On the Pathway to the SKA. 25-27 May, 2016 Stellenbosch, South Africa (MeerKAT2016), 14
Gupta, N., Srianand, R., Farnes, J. S., et al. 2018b, MNRAS, 476, 2432
Hagen, J. P., Lilley, A. E., McClain, E. F. 1955, ApJ, 122, 361
Hagen, J. P., McClain, E. F. 1954, ApJ, 120, 368
Hagen, J. P., McClain, E. F., Hepburn, N. 1954, AJ, 59, 323
Haynes, M. P., Giovanelli, R., Roberts, M. S. 1979, ApJ, 229, 83
Heiles, C., Miley, G. K. 1970, ApJ, 160, L83
Heiles, C., Troland, T. H. 2003, ApJ, 586, 1067
Heiles, C., Troland, T. H. 2004, ApJS, 151, 271
Hopkins, A. M., Beacom, J. F. 2006, ApJ, 651, 142
Hoppmann, L., Staveley-Smith, L., Freudling, W., et al. 2015, MNRAS, 452, 3726
Ianjamasimanana, R., de Blok, W. J. G., Walter, F., Heald, G. H. 2012, AJ, 144, 96
Ishwara-Chandra, C. H., Dwarakanath, K. S., Anantharamaiah, K. R. 2003, J. Astrophys. Astron., 24, 37
Jenkins, E. B., Tripp, T. M. 2001, ApJS, 137, 297
Jones, M. G., Haynes, M. P., Giovanelli, R., Moorman, C. 2018, MNRAS, 477, 2
Kacprzak, G. G., Churchill, C. W., Nielsen, N. M. 2012, ApJ, 760, L7
Kanekar, N., Briggs, F. H. 2003, A&A, 412, L29
Kanekar, N., Chengalur, J. N. 2003, AA, 399, 857
Kanekar, N., Chengalur, J. N., Ghosh, T. 2010, ApJ, 716, L23
Kanekar, N., Chengalur, J. N., Subrahmanyan, R., Petitjean, P. 2001, A&A, 367, 46
Kanekar, N., Ellison, S. L., Momjian, E., York, B. A., Pettini, M. 2013, MNRAS, 428, 532
Kanekar, N., Lane, W. M., Momjian, E., Briggs, F. H., Chengalur, J. N. 2009a, MNRAS, 394, L61
Kanekar, N., Langston, G. I., Stocke, J. T., Carilli, C. L., Menten, K. M. 2012, ApJ, 746, L16
Kanekar, N., Prochaska, J. X., Ellison, S. L., Chengalur, J. N. 2009b, MNRAS, 396, 385
Kanekar, N., Sethi, S., Dwarakanath, K. S. 2016, ApJ, 818, L28
Kanekar, N., Prochaska, J. X., Smette, A., et al. 2014, MNRAS, 438, 2131
Keeney, B. A., Stocke, J. T., Danforth, C. W., Carilli, C. L. 2011, AJ, 141, 66
Krogager, J.-K., Fynbo, J. P. U., Møller, P., et al. 2012, MNRAS, 424, L1
Kulkarni, S. R., Heiles, C. 1987, in Astrophysics and Space Science Library, Vol. 134, Interstellar Processes, ed. D. J. Hollenbach & H. A. Thronson, Jr., 87–122
Kulkarni, S. R., Heiles, C. 1988, Neutral hydrogen and the diffuse interstellar medium, ed. K. I. Kellermann G. L. Verschuur, 95–153
Lah, P., Chengalur, J. N., Briggs, F. H., et al. 2007, MNRAS, 376, 1357
Lah, P., Pracy, M. B., Chengalur, J. N., et al. 2009, MNRAS, 399, 1447
Lane, W. M. 2000, PhD thesis, University of Groningen
Lanzetta, K. M., Turnshek, D. A., Wolfe, A. M. 1987, ApJ, 322, 739
Liang, C. J., Chen, H.-W. 2014, MNRAS, 445, 2061
Liszt, H. 2001, A&A, 371, 698
Maccagni, F. M., Morganti, R., Oosterloo, T. A., Geréb, K., Maddox, N. 2017, A&A, 604, A43
Madau, P., Dickinson, M. 2014, ARA&A, 52, 415
Masui, K. W., Switzer, E. R., Banavar, N., et al. 2013, ApJ, 763, L20
McKee, C. F., Ostriker, J. P. 1977, ApJ, 218, 148
Mebold, U., Düsterberg, C., Dickey, J. M., Staveley-Smith, L., Kalberla, P. 1997, ApJ, 490, L65
Meiring, J. D., Tripp, T. M., Prochaska, J. X., et al. 2011, ApJ, 732, 35
Mihos, J. C., Keating, K. M., Holley-Bockelmann, K., Pisano, D. J., Kassim, N. E. 2012, ApJ, 761, 186
Morganti, R., Oosterloo, T. 2018, A&A Rev., 26, 4
Muller, C. A., Oort, J. H. 1951, Nature, 168, 357
Neeleman, M., Prochaska, J. X., Ribaudo, J., et al. 2016, ApJ, 818, 113
Neeleman, M., Prochaska, J. X., Wolfe, A. M. 2015, ApJ, 800, 7
Nestor, D. B., Turnshek, D. A., Rao, S. M. 2005, ApJ, 628, 637
Nielsen, N. M., Churchill, C. W., Kacprzak, G. G., Murphy, M. T. 2013, ApJ, 776, 114
Noterdaeme, P., Ledoux, C., Petitjean, P., Srianand, R. 2008, A&A, 481, 327
Noterdaeme, P., Petitjean, P., Ledoux, C., Srianand, R. 2009, A&A, 505, 1087
Noterdaeme, P., Petitjean, P., Carithers, W. C., et al. 2012, A&A, 547, L1
Oosterloo, T., Fraternali, F., Sancisi, R. 2007, AJ, 134, 1019
Patra, N. N., Chengalur, J. N., Begum, A. 2013, MNRAS, 429, 1596
Pawsey, J. L. 1951, Nature, 168, 358
Péroux, C., Bouché, N., Kulkarni, V. P., York, D. G., Vladilo, G. 2012, MNRAS, 419, 3060
Péroux, C., Dessauges-Zavadsky, M., D’Odorico, S., Sun Kim, T., McMahon, R. G. 2005, MNRAS, 363, 479
Péroux, C., Zwaan, M. A., Klitsch, A., et al. 2019, MNRAS, 485, 1595
Pontzen, A., Governato, F., Pettini, M., et al. 2008, MNRAS, 390, 1349
Prochaska, J. X., Herbert-Fort, S., Wolfe, A. M. 2005, ApJ, 635, 123
Prochaska, J. X., Weiner, B., Chen, H.-W., Mulchaey, J., Cooksey, K. 2011, ApJ, 740, 91
Prochter, G. E., Prochaska, J. X., Burles, S. M. 2006, ApJ, 639, 766
Quider, A. M., Nestor, D. B., Turnshek, D. A., et al. 2011, AJ, 141, 137
Rahmani, H., Srianand, R., Gupta, N., et al. 2012, MNRAS, 425, 556
Rahmani, H., Péroux, C., Turnshek, D. A., et al. 2016, MNRAS, 463, 980
Rao, S. M., Belfort-Mihalyi, M., Turnshek, D. A., et al. 2011, MNRAS, 416, 1215
Rao, S. M., Turnshek, D. A., Nestor, D. B. 2006, ApJ, 636, 610
Rao, S. M., Turnshek, D. A., Sardane, G. M., Monier, E. M. 2017, MNRAS, 471, 3428
Reeves, S. N., Sadler, E. M., Allison, J. R., et al. 2016, MNRAS, 457, 2613
Rhee, J., Lah, P., Briggs, F. H., et al. 2018, MNRAS, 473, 1879
Rhee, J., Zwaan, M. A., Briggs, F. H., et al. 2013, MNRAS, 435, 2693
Roberts, M. S. 1970, ApJ, 161, L9
Rohlfs, K., Wilson, T. L. 2000, Tools of radio astronomy
Rosenberg, J. L., Schneider, S. E. 2002, ApJ, 567, 247
Roy, N., Chengalur, J. N., Srianand, R. 2006, MNRAS, 365, L1
Roy, N., Kanekar, N., Chengalur, J. N. 2013, MNRAS, 436, 2366
Rubin, V. C., Burstein, D., Ford, Jr., W. K., Thonnard, N. 1985, ApJ, 289, 81
Sánchez, S. F., Kennicutt, R. C., Gil de Paz, A., et al. 2012, A&A, 538, A8
Sancisi, R., Fraternali, F., Oosterloo, T., van der Hulst, T. 2008, A&A Rev., 15, 189
Sargent, W. L. W., Steidel, C. C., Boksenberg, A. 1988, ApJ, 334, 22
Shuter, W. L. H., Gower, J. F. R. 1969, Nature, 223, 1046
Srianand, R., Gupta, N., Petitjean, P., et al. 2012, MNRAS, 421, 651
Srianand, R., Gupta, N., Rahmani, H., et al. 2013, MNRAS, 428, 2198
Steidel, C. C. 1995, in QSO Absorption Lines, ed. G. Meylan, 139
Steidel, C. C., Sargent, W. L. W. 1992, ApJS, 80, 1
Stocke, J. T., Keeney, B. A., Danforth, C. W., et al. 2013, ApJ, 763, 148
Tamburro, D., Rix, H.-W., Leroy, A. K., et al. 2009, AJ, 137, 4424
Tumlinson, J., Peeples, M. S., Werk, J. K. 2017, ARA&A, 55, 389
Tumlinson, J., Thom, C., Werk, J. K., et al. 2011, Science, 334, 948
Tumlinson, J., Thom, C., Werk, J. K., et al. 2013, ApJ, 777, 59
Turnshek, D. A., Monier, E. M., Rao, S. M., et al. 2015, MNRAS, 449, 1536
van Albada, T. S., Bahcall, J. N., Begeman, K., Sancisi, R. 1985, ApJ, 295, 305
van de Hulst, H. C. 1945, Nederl. Tij. Natuurkunde, 11, 201
van der Hulst, J. M., van Albada, T. S., Sancisi, R. 2001, in Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series, Vol. 240, Gas and Galaxy Evolution, ed. J. E. Hibbard, M. Rupen, J. H. van Gorkom, 451
Verheijen, M., van Gorkom, J. H., Szomoru, A., et al. 2007, ApJ, 668, L9
Wakker, B. P., Lockman, F. J., Brown, J. M. 2011, ApJ, 728, 159
Walter, F., Brinks, E., de Blok, W. J. G., et al. 2008, AJ, 136, 2563
Werk, J. K., Prochaska, J. X., Tumlinson, J., et al. 2014, ApJ, 792, 8
Wolfe, A. M., Briggs, F. H., Jauncey, D. L. 1981, ApJ, 248, 460
Wolfe, A. M., Briggs, F. H., Turnshek, D. A., et al. 1985, ApJ, 294, L67
Wolfe, A. M., Brown, R. L., Roberts, M. S. 1976, Phys. Rev. Lett., 37, 179
Wolfe, A. M., Davis, M. M. 1979, AJ, 84, 699
Wolfe, A. M., Gawiser, E., Prochaska, J. X. 2005, ARA&A, 43, 861
Wolfire, M. G., Hollenbach, D., McKee, C. F., Tielens, A. G. G. M., Bakes, E. L. O. 1995, ApJ, 443, 152
Wolfire, M. G., McKee, C. F., Hollenbach, D., Tielens, A. G. G. M. 2003, ApJ, 587, 278
York, D. G., Adelman, J., Anderson, Jr., J. E., et al. 2000, AJ, 120, 1579
Zhu, G., Ménard, B. 2013, ApJ, 770, 130
Zwaan, M. A., Liske, J., Péroux, C., et al. 2015, MNRAS, 453, 1268
Zwaan, M. A., Meyer, M. J., Staveley-Smith, L., Webster, R. L. 2005a, MNRAS, 359, L30
Zwaan, M. A., van der Hulst, J. M., Briggs, F. H., Verheijen, M. A. W., Ryan-Weber, E. V. 2005b, MNRAS, 364, 1467
Zwaan, M. A., van Dokkum, P. G., Verheijen, M. A. W. 2001, Science, 293, 1800
Acknowledgements
I thank the anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments. I thank Raghunathan Srianand for going through a draft of this review and providing feedback. I am grateful to the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation for support in the form of a post-doctoral fellowship.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Dutta, R. Cold neutral hydrogen gas in galaxies. J Astrophys Astron 40, 41 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12036-019-9610-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12036-019-9610-5