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Dyshomeostasis of Iron and Its Transporter Proteins in Cypermethrin-Induced Parkinson’s Disease

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Abstract

The etiology of Parkinson’s disease (PD) is highly complex and is still indefinable. However, a number of studies have indicated the involvement of pesticides and transition metals. Copper, magnesium, iron, and zinc have emerged as important metal contributors. Exposure to pesticides causes an accumulation of transition metals in the substantia nigra (SN) region of the brain. The cypermethrin model of PD is characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction, autophagy impairment, oxidative stress, etc. However, the effect of cypermethrin on metal homeostasis is not yet explored. The study was designed to delineate the role of metals and their transporter proteins in cypermethrin-induced animal and cellular models of PD. The level of copper, magnesium, iron, and zinc was checked in the nigrostriatal tissue and serum by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Since cypermethrin consistently increased iron content in the nigrostriatal tissue and serum after 12 weeks of exposure, the level of iron transporter proteins, such as divalent metal transporter-1 (DMT-1), ceruloplasmin, transferrin, ferroportin, and hepcidin, and their in silico interaction with cypermethrin were checked. 3,3′-Diaminobenzidine-enhanced Perl’s staining showed an elevated number of iron-positive cells in the SN of cypermethrin-treated rats. Molecular docking studies revealed a strong binding affinity between cypermethrin and iron transporter protein receptors of humans and rats. Furthermore, cypermethrin increased the expression of DMT-1 and hepcidin while reducing the expression of transferrin, ceruloplasmin, and ferroportin in the nigrostriatal tissue and human neuroblastoma cells. These observations suggest that cypermethrin alters the expression of iron transporter proteins leading to iron dyshomeostasis, which could contribute to dopaminergic neurotoxicity.

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Data Availability

While the data related to western blot analysis and AAS may be obtained from any corresponding authors, the docking studies-related data may be obtained by Saripella Srikrishna upon reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

The Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India is gratefully acknowledged for providing a research fellowship to Nidhi Sachan. The CSIR-IITR communication number of this article is IITR/SEC/MS/2022/90.

Funding

The study was supported by the intramural grant of CSIR-IITR. Saripella Srikrishna and Diksha Katiyar received incentive grants from the Institutions of Eminence (IoE), Banaras Hindu University.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Cancer and Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221 005, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Nidhi Sachan & Saripella Srikrishna

  2. Toxicogenomics and Predictive Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226 001, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Nidhi Sachan & Mahendra Pratap Singh

  3. Department of Chemistry, Banaras Hindu University, Mahila Maha Vidyalaya, Varanasi, 221 005, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Neha Tiwari & Diksha Katiyar

  4. Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Regulatory Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226 001, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Devendra Kumar Patel

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Nidhi Sachan generated the data, captured images, and analyzed the western blots, DAB-enhanced Perl’s staining, and AAS data. She also arranged the figures/tables and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. AAS experiment was performed by Devendra Kumar Patel. Neha Tiwari, Diksha Katiyar, and Saripella Srikrishna designed and performed the docking studies and wrote the related portion of the manuscript. The study was planned by Mahendra Pratap Singh whereas the docking study was planned by Saripella Srikrishna. The text content of the manuscript is revised by Mahendra Pratap Singh and Saripella Srikrishna. The final version of the manuscript is endorsed by all the authors.

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Sachan, N., Tiwari, N., Patel, D.K. et al. Dyshomeostasis of Iron and Its Transporter Proteins in Cypermethrin-Induced Parkinson’s Disease. Mol Neurobiol 60, 5838–5852 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-023-03436-2

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