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Cellular and Molecular Differences Between Area CA1 and the Dentate Gyrus of the Hippocampus

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Abstract

A distinct feature of the hippocampus of the brain is its unidirectional tri-synaptic pathway originating from the entorhinal cortex and projecting to the dentate gyrus (DG) then to area CA3 and subsequently, area CA1 of the Ammon’s horn. Each of these areas of the hippocampus has its own cellular structure and distinctive function. The principal neurons in these areas are granule cells in the DG and pyramidal cells in the Ammon’s horn’s CA1 and CA3 areas with a vast network of interneurons. This review discusses the fundamental differences between the CA1 and DG areas regarding cell morphology, synaptic plasticity, signaling molecules, ability for neurogenesis, vulnerability to various insults and pathologies, and response to pharmacological agents.

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Abbreviations

CA1:

Corno Amonis

DG:

dentate gyrus

I/O:

imput/output

LTP:

long-term potentiation

E-LTP:

early-phase LTP

L-LTP:

late-phase LTP

LTD:

long-term depression

NO:

nitric oxide

NOS:

nitric oxide synthase

P-CaMKII:

phosphorylated calcium calmodulin kinase II

GTPase:

guanidine triphosphotase

UCH-L1:

ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase-L1

fEPSP:

field excitatory postsynaptic potential

GABA:

gamma aminobutyric acid

TEA:

tetraethylammonium

VDCC:

voltage-dependent calcium channel

NMDA:

N-methyl-D-aspartate

AMPA:

α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid

BDNF:

brain-derived neurotrophic factor

IPSP:

inhibitory postsynaptic potential

ERK1/2:

extracellular signal–regulated kinase

SRLM:

stratum radiatum/stratum lacunosum-moleculare

IPSC:

inhibitory postsynaptic current

OZR:

obese Zucker rat

A-beta:

Amyloid beta

Egr:

early growth response protein-1

BLA:

basolateral nucleus of the amygdala

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This work is supported by the Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy as well as various internal grants (SGPs) from the University of Houston.

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  1. Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA

    Karim A Alkadhi

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Alkadhi, K.A. Cellular and Molecular Differences Between Area CA1 and the Dentate Gyrus of the Hippocampus. Mol Neurobiol 56, 6566–6580 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-019-1541-2

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