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Structural and chemical features of Gd:BaTiO3 solid solutions prepared by microwave-assisted heat treatment

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Abstract

Herein, Gd-doped BaTiO3 (Gd:BTO) solid-solution powders were prepared by microwave-assisted heat treatment (MWH). The structural and chemical characteristics of the powders were analysed by scanning transmission electron microscopy and electron energy loss spectroscopy. The defect formation reactions relevant to Gd doping are discussed based on the change in the electron energy structure as well as the density functional theory calculations. Ba(OH)2·H2O, TiO2·4H2O and Gd(NO3)3·6H2O were used as Ba, Ti and Gd precursors, respectively. A Ba/Ti mole ratio of 1.2 in the precursor at a reaction temperature of 300°C was determined to be the optimal synthetic conditions for preparing the Gd:BTO solid solution. Gd evidently occupied the Ti sites (denoted as GdTi) of BaTiO3 structure, and the substitution of Ti with Gd was accompanied by a change in the oxidation state of the Ti ions and the generation of oxygen vacancies. The magnetic susceptibility of the Gd:BTO powders increased with increase in concentration of GdTi with unidirectional electron spins. In contrast, the relative dielectric constant varied inversely with the Gd concentration owing to the evolution of oxygen vacancies and lattice distortion of the Gd:BTO powders with the increase in the Gd concentration.

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Acknowledgement

This research was supported by an Inha University research grant.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, South Korea

    Han-Sol Yun, Yong-Seon Kim, Su-Yeon Kim, So-Young Shin, Dae-Yong Jeong & Nam-Hee Cho

  2. Department of Advanced Materials and Energy Engineering, Dongshin University, Naju, 58245, South Korea

    Jae-Hyeon Shim

  3. Department of Emerging Materials Science, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, South Korea

    Kwon-Jin Park & Chun-Yeol You

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  1. Han-Sol Yun
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Correspondence to Nam-Hee Cho.

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Yun, HS., Shim, JH., Kim, YS. et al. Structural and chemical features of Gd:BaTiO3 solid solutions prepared by microwave-assisted heat treatment. Bull Mater Sci 44, 241 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12034-021-02524-0

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