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Exosomes for CRISPR-Cas9 Delivery: The Cutting Edge in Genome Editing

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Abstract

Gene mutation correction was challenging until the discovery of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated protein (Cas). CRISPR is a new era for genome modification, and this technology has bypassed the limitations of previous methods such as zinc-finger nuclease and transcription activator-like effector nuclease. Currently, this method is becoming the method of choice for gene-editing purposes, especially therapeutic gene editing in diseases such as cardiovascular, neurological, renal, genetic, optical, and stem cell, as well as blood disorders and muscular degeneration. However, finding the optimum delivery system capable of carrying this large complex persists as the main challenge of this technology. Therefore, it would be ideal if the delivery vehicle could direct the introduction of editing functions to specific cells in a multicellular organism. Exosomes are membrane-bound vesicles with high biocompatibility and low immunogenicity; they offer the best and most reliable way to fill the CRISPR/Cas9 system delivery gap. This review presents the current evidence on the molecular mechanisms and challenges of CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome modification. Also, the role of CRISPR/Cas9 in the development of treatment and diagnosis of numerous disorders, from malignancies to viral infections, has been discussed. Lastly, the focus is on new advances in exosome-delivery technologies that may play a role in CRISPR/Cas9 delivery for future clinical settings.

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Funding

This study was not financially supported by any organization in the private or governmental section.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Research Center for Integrative Medicine in Aging, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran

    Cynthia Aslan

  2. Experimental and Applied Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran

    Naime Majidi Zolbanin

  3. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran

    Naime Majidi Zolbanin

  4. Hazrat-e Rasool General Hospital, Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Floor 3, Building No. 3, Niyayesh St, Sattar Khan St, Tehran, 1445613131, Iran

    Fatemeh Faraji

  5. Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Research Institute, Clinical Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Shafa St., Ershad Blvd., P.O. Box: 1138, Urmia, 57147, Iran

    Reza Jafari

  6. Department of Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran

    Reza Jafari

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  1. Cynthia Aslan
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Conception and manuscript design: RJ collection of data: CA, NMZ, FF, and RJ. Manuscript writing: CA, NMZ, FF, and RJ. Made important revisions and confirmed final revision: FF and RJ. All authors reviewed and approved the final version of the manuscript.

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Aslan, C., Zolbanin, N.M., Faraji, F. et al. Exosomes for CRISPR-Cas9 Delivery: The Cutting Edge in Genome Editing. Mol Biotechnol (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12033-023-00932-7

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