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Plant–Pathogen Interactions: What Microarray Tells About It?

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Abstract

Plant defense responses are mediated by elementary regulatory proteins that affect expression of thousands of genes. Over the last decade, microarray technology has played a key role in deciphering the underlying networks of gene regulation in plants that lead to a wide variety of defence responses. Microarray is an important tool to quantify and profile the expression of thousands of genes simultaneously, with two main aims: (1) gene discovery and (2) global expression profiling. Several microarray technologies are currently in use; most include a glass slide platform with spotted cDNA or oligonucleotides. Till date, microarray technology has been used in the identification of regulatory genes, end-point defence genes, to understand the signal transduction processes underlying disease resistance and its intimate links to other physiological pathways. Microarray technology can be used for in-depth, simultaneous profiling of host/pathogen genes as the disease progresses from infection to resistance/susceptibility at different developmental stages of the host, which can be done in different environments, for clearer understanding of the processes involved. A thorough knowledge of plant disease resistance using successful combination of microarray and other high throughput techniques, as well as biochemical, genetic, and cell biological experiments is needed for practical application to secure and stabilize yield of many crop plants. This review starts with a brief introduction to microarray technology, followed by the basics of plant–pathogen interaction, the use of DNA microarrays over the last decade to unravel the mysteries of plant–pathogen interaction, and ends with the future prospects of this technology.

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Abbreviations

EST:

Expressed sequence tag

RT-PCR:

Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction

MeV:

MultiExperiment Viewer

EDGE:

Extraction of differential gene expression

FiRe:

Find Regulon

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

SA:

Salicylic acid

NO:

Nitric oxide

JA:

Jasmonic acid

SAR:

Systemic acquired resistance

ISR:

Induced systemic resistance

PR:

Pathogenesis-related

GR:

Glucocorticord receptor

Dex:

Dexamethasone

NPR:

Nonexpressor of pathogenesis related genes

MJ:

Methyl jasmonate

TSWV:

Tomato spotted wilt virus

HR:

Hypersensitive response

DRG:

Differentially regulated genes

HSP:

Heat shock protein

PEBV:

Pea early browning virus

CELO:

Chicken embryo lethal orphan

PAMP:

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns

DAMP:

Danger-associated molecular patterns

PTI:

PAMPs-triggered immunity

ETI:

Effector-triggered immunity

ORMV:

Oilseed rape mosaic virus

MGED:

Microarray Gene Expression Data Society

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Acknowledgments

TD Lodha is thankful to the Department of Biotechnology, Govt. of India, for providing financial assistance. Authors are thankful to Dr. Tapas Kumar Ghose, Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute, for his insightful discussion on the manuscript.

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Lodha, T.D., Basak, J. Plant–Pathogen Interactions: What Microarray Tells About It?. Mol Biotechnol 50, 87–97 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12033-011-9418-2

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