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Revolutionizing cancer treatment: comprehensive insights into immunotherapeutic strategies

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Medical Oncology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Cancer, characterized by the uncontrolled proliferation of aberrant cells, underscores the imperative for innovative therapeutic approaches. Immunotherapy has emerged as a pivotal constituent in cancer treatment, offering improved prognostic outcomes for a substantial patient cohort. Noteworthy for its precision, immunotherapy encompasses strategies such as adoptive cell therapy and checkpoint inhibitors, orchestrating the immune system to recognize and selectively target malignant cells. Exploiting the specificity of the immune response renders immunotherapy efficacious, as it selectively targets the body’s immune milieu. Diverse mechanisms underlie cancer immunotherapies, leading to distinct toxicity profiles compared to conventional treatments. A remarkable clinical stride in the anticancer resources is immunotherapy. Remarkably, certain recalcitrant cancers like skin malignancies exhibit resistance to radiation or chemotherapy, yet respond favorably to immunotherapeutic interventions. Notably, combination therapies involving chemotherapy and immunotherapy have exhibited synergistic effects, enhancing overall therapeutic efficacy. Understanding the pivotal role of immunotherapy elucidates its complementary value, bolstering the therapeutic landscape. In this review, we elucidate the taxonomy of cancer immunotherapy, encompassing adoptive cell therapy and checkpoint inhibitors, while scrutinizing their distinct adverse event profiles. Furthermore, we expound on the unprecedented potential of immunogenic vaccines to bolster the anticancer immune response. This comprehensive analysis underscores the significance of immunotherapy in modern oncology, unveiling novel prospects for tailored therapeutic regimens.

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Data availability

The datasets were collected and summarized scientifically from available literature. No new data were created or analyzed in this study therefore; data sharing is not applicable to this article. However, the data in form of tables and figures created during the review preparation are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Abbreviations

4-1BB:

TNFR (Tumor necrosis factor receptor) superfamily receptor

ADCC:

Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity

ADR:

Adverse drug reaction(s)

ALL:

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia

APC:

Antigen presenting cell(s)

BCMA:

B cell maturation antigen

CAR:

Chimeric antigen receptor

CCR4:

Carbon catabolite repression 4

CCR8:

C–C Motif Chemokine Receptor 8

CD19:

Cluster of differentiation 19

CD20:

Cluster of differentiation 20

CD22:

Cluster of differentiation 22

CD25:

Cluster of differentiation 25

CD27:

Cluster of differentiation 27

CD3:

Cluster of differentiation 3

CD30:

Cluster of differentiation 30

CD33:

Cluster of differentiation 33

CD38:

Cluster of differentiation 38

CD40:

Cluster of differentiation 40

CD52:

Cluster of differentiation 52

CD79B:

Cluster of differentiation 79B

CDC:

Complement dependant cytotoxicity

CEA:

Carcinoembryonic antigen

CLL:

Chronic lymphoblastic leukemia

c-MET:

C-Mesenchymal-epithelial transition

CML:

Chronic myeloid leukemia

CTL:

Cytotoxic T lymphocyte(s)

CTLA4:

Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte–associated antigen 4

DC:

Dendritic cell(s)

EGFR:

Epidermal growth factor receptor

GD2:

Disialoganglioside GD2

GDF15:

Growth differentiation factor 15

gp100:

Glycoprotein 100

GP88:

Progranulin

HER2:

Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2

HER3:

Human epidermal growth factor receptor 3

hK2:

Human Kallikrein-2

ICI:

Immune checkpoint inhibitor(s)

IFN B:

Interferon β

IFN y:

Interferon γ

IFN a:

Interferon α

IL11:

Interleukin 11

IL12:

Interleukin 12

IL2:

Interleukin 2

IL21:

Interleukin 21

IL7:

Interleukin 7

mAb:

Monoclonal antibody(ies)

MMAE:

Monomethyl auristatin E

NHL:

Non-Hodgkins lymphoma

NK:

Natural killer cell(s)

NKG2D:

Natural killer group 2D

PBLS:

Peripheral blood lymphocytes

PD1:

Programmed cell death protein 1

PDGFRa:

Platelet derived growth factor receptor alpha

PDL1:

Programmed cell death ligand 1

PSMA:

Prostate specific membrane antigen

RIT:

Radioimmunotherapy

ROR1:

Receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 1

SLAMF7:

Signaling lymphocytic activation molecule family 7

TCR:

T cell receptor

TDM1:

Trastuzumab emtansine

TROP2:

Trophoblast antigen 2

TVEC:

Talimogene laherparepvec

VEGF:

Vascular endothelial growth factor

VEGFR2:

Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2

WHO:

World Health Organization

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to acknowledge Shree S. K. Patel College of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Ganpat University for its support in library resources. The authors also extend their appreciation to L. M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, India for providing continuous library resources support throughout literature survey and data collection.

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  1. Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy Practice, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Opp. Gujarat University, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380009, India

    Neha R. Raghani & Mehul R. Chorawala

  2. Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Shree S. K. Patel College of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Ganpat University, Mehsana, Gujarat, India

    Mayuresh Mahadik & Bhupendra G. Prajapati

  3. Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, UI Carver College of Medicine: The University of Iowa Roy J and Lucille A Carver College of Medicine, 375 Newton Rd, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA

    Rakesh B. Patel

  4. A V Pharma LLC, 1545 University Blvd N Ste A, Jacksonville, FL, 32211, USA

    Priyajeet S. Parekh

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  3. Mayuresh Mahadik
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Contributions

NRR, MRC, MM, RBP, BGP, PSP. NRR, MM, PSP—Manuscript first draft preparation and subsequent editing, Literature and data survey, Figures and diagram designing. RBP—Manuscript draft review and editing; Referencing. Table construction. MRC, BGP—Topic conception, Design of content and skeleton, Reviewed Manuscript first and subsequent draft; Figures and Tables conception.

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Correspondence to Bhupendra G. Prajapati.

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Raghani, N.R., Chorawala, M.R., Mahadik, M. et al. Revolutionizing cancer treatment: comprehensive insights into immunotherapeutic strategies. Med Oncol 41, 51 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12032-023-02280-7

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