Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Association of thyroid disorders with gestational diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis

  • Meta-Analysis
  • Published:
Endocrine Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Purpose

The current meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the association of thyroid dysfunction and autoimmunity with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).

Methods

A comprehensive search from PubMed, Embase, MEDLINE, and Cochrane databases until November 2020 was conducted. Fixed-effect model was used to combine the results when I2 was <50%. Random-effect model was used to summarize the results when I2 was >50%.

Results

A total of 44 studies were included in the meta-analysis. Low FT4 levels were closely related with GDM in the first and second trimesters of gestation. Hypothyroxinemia (OR: 1.45; 95% CI: 1.25, 1.68; P < 0.00001), overt (OR: 1.80; 95% CI: 1.73, 1.86; P < 0.00001), and subclinical (OR: 1.54; 95% CI: 1.03, 2.30; P = 0.03) hypothyroidism, overt hyperthyroidism (OR: 1.49; 95% CI: 1.09, 2.04; P = 0.01), and positive thyroid antibodies (OR: 1.49; 95% CI: 1.07, 2.07; P < 0.00001) were observed significantly associated with the risk of GDM. Pregnant women with subclinical hyperthyroidism were less likely to develop GDM (OR: 0.62; 95% CI: 0.39, 0.97; P = 0.04).

Conclusions

Thyroid dysfunction and positive thyroid antibodies were associated with the risk of GDM. Our findings suggest that pregnant women with these thyroid diseases may be offered screening for GDM comprehensively.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. J. He, X. Chen, Y. Wang, Y. Liu, J. Bai, The experiences of pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review of qualitative evidence. Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord. (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11154-020-09610-4

  2. L. Guariguata, U. Linnenkamp, J. Beagley, D.R. Whiting, N.H. Cho, Global estimates of the prevalence of hyperglycaemia in pregnancy. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 103(2), 176–185 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2013.11.003

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. M.G. Dalfrà, S. Burlina, G.G. Del Vescovo, A. Lapolla, Genetics and epigenetics: new insight on gestational diabetes mellitus. Front. Endocrinol. 11, 602477 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2020.602477

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. E.V. Preston, C. Eberle, F.M. Brown, T. James-Todd, Climate factors and gestational diabetes mellitus risk—a systematic review. Environ. Health 19(1), 112 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-020-00668-w

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. L.L. Gong, H. Liu, L.H. Liu, Relationship between hypothyroidism and the incidence of gestational diabetes: a meta-analysis. Taiwan. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 55(2), 171–175 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tjog.2016.02.004

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. U.Y. Sert, G.N. Buyuk, Y. Engin Ustun, A.S. Ozgu Erdinc, Is there any relationship between thyroid function abnormalities, thyroid antibodies and development of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in pregnant women? Medeni. Med. J. 35(3), 195–201 (2020). https://doi.org/10.5222/mmj.2020.29964

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  7. Y. Kemkem, D. Nasteska, A. de Bray, P. Bargi-Souza, R.A. Peliciari-Garcia, A. Guillou, P. Mollard, D.J. Hodson, M. Schaeffer, Maternal hypothyroidism in mice influences glucose metabolism in adult offspring. Diabetologia 63(9), 1822–1835 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-020-05172-x

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  8. L. Gu, J. Yang, Y. Gong, Y. Ma, S. Yan, Y. Huang, Y. Wang, Y. Peng, Lower free thyroid hormone levels are associated with high blood glucose and insulin resistance; these normalize with metabolic improvement of type 2 diabetes. J. Diabetes (2020). https://doi.org/10.1111/1753-0407.13118

  9. D. Luo, X. Wan, J. Liu, T. Tong, Optimally estimating the sample mean from the sample size, median, mid-range, and/or mid-quartile range. Stat. Methods Med. Res. 27(6), 1785–1805 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1177/0962280216669183

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. X. Wan, W. Wang, J. Liu, T. Tong, Estimating the sample mean and standard deviation from the sample size, median, range and/or interquartile range. BMC Med. Res. Methodol. 14, 135 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2288-14-135

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. J. Araya, A. Rodriguez, K. Lagos-SanMartin, D. Mennickent, S. Gutiérrez-Vega, B. Ortega-Contreras, B. Valderrama-Gutiérrez, M. Gonzalez, M. Farías-Jofré, E. Guzmán-Gutiérrez, Maternal thyroid profile in first and second trimester of pregnancy is correlated with gestational diabetes mellitus through machine learning. Placenta 103, 82–85 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.placenta.2020.10.015

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. K. Huang, Y. Xu, S. Yan, T. Li, Y. Xu, P. Zhu, F. Tao, Isolated effect of maternal thyroid-stimulating hormone, free thyroxine and antithyroid peroxidase antibodies in early pregnancy on gestational diabetes mellitus: a birth cohort study in China. Endocr. J. 66(3), 223–231 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1507/endocrj.EJ18-0340

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. S. Rawal, M.Y. Tsai, S.N. Hinkle, Y. Zhu, W. Bao, Y. Lin, P. Panuganti, P.S. Albert, R.C.W. Ma, C. Zhang, A longitudinal study of thyroid markers across pregnancy and the risk of gestational diabetes. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 103(7), 2447–2456 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2017-02442

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. S. Yang, F.T. Shi, P.C. Leung, H.F. Huang, J. Fan, Low thyroid hormone in early pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of gestational diabetes mellitus. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 101(11), 4237–4243 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2016-1506

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Y. Zhang, X. Dai, S. Yang, C. Zhang, M. Han, H.F. Huang, J. Fan, Maternal low thyroxin levels are associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes in a Chinese population. 12(5), e0178100 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0178100

  16. S. Gorar, G.B. Abanonu, A. Uysal, O. Erol, A. Unal, S. Uyar, A.H. Cekin, Comparison of thyroid function tests and blood count in pregnant women with versus without gestational diabetes mellitus. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Res. 43(5), 848–854 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1111/jog.13280

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. E. Vitacolonna, A. Lapolla, B. Di Nenno, A. Passante, I. Bucci, C. Giuliani, D. Cerrone, F. Capani, F. Monaco, G. Napolitano, Gestational diabetes and thyroid autoimmunity. Int. J. Endocrinol. 2012, 867415 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/867415

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  18. F. Li, Y. Hu, J. Zeng, L. Zheng, P. Ye, D. Wei, D. Chen, Analysis of risk factors related to gestational diabetes mellitus. Taiwan. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 59(5), 718–722 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tjog.2020.07.016

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. N. Yuan, J. Sun, Z. Li, S. Chai, X. Zhang, L. Ji, Relationship between anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody positivity and pregnancy-related and fetal outcomes in Euthyroid women: a single-center cohort study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 20(1), 491 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-020-03176-4

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. H. Ying, Y.P. Tang, Y.R. Bao, X.J. Su, X. Cai, Y.H. Li, D.F. Wang, Maternal TSH level and TPOAb status in early pregnancy and their relationship to the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus. Endocrine 54(3), 742–750 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-016-1022-6

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. J.E. Haddow, W.Y. Craig, L.M. Neveux, G.E. Palomaki, G. Lambert-Messerlian, F.D. Malone, M.E. D’Alton, Free thyroxine during early pregnancy and risk for gestational diabetes. PLoS ONE 11(2), e0149065 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0149065

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  22. P. Kumru, E. Erdogdu, R. Arisoy, O. Demirci, A. Ozkoral, C. Ardic, A.A. Ertekin, S. Erdogan, N.N. Ozdemir, Effect of thyroid dysfunction and autoimmunity on pregnancy outcomes in low risk population. Arch. Gynecol. Obstet. 291(5), 1047–1054 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00404-014-3533-9

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. L.M. Chen, Q. Zhang, G.X. Si, Q.S. Chen, E.L. Ye, L.C. Yu, M.M. Peng, H. Yang, W.J. Du, C. Zhang, X.M. Lu, Associations between thyroid autoantibody status and abnormal pregnancy outcomes in euthyroid women. Endocrine 48(3), 924–928 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-014-0420-x

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. P. Karakosta, D. Alegakis, V. Georgiou, T. Roumeliotaki, E. Fthenou, M. Vassilaki, D. Boumpas, E. Castanas, M. Kogevinas, L. Chatzi, Thyroid dysfunction and autoantibodies in early pregnancy are associated with increased risk of gestational diabetes and adverse birth outcomes. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 97(12), 4464–4472 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2012-2540

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. T. Männistö, M. Vääräsmäki, A. Pouta, A.L. Hartikainen, A. Ruokonen, H.M. Surcel, A. Bloigu, M.R. Järvelin, E. Suvanto, Thyroid dysfunction and autoantibodies during pregnancy as predictive factors of pregnancy complications and maternal morbidity in later life. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 95(3), 1084–1094 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2009-1904

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. P. Montaner, L. Juan, R. Campos, L. Gil, R. Corcoy, Is thyroid autoimmunity associated with gestational diabetes mellitus? Metabolism 57(4), 522–525 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2007.11.015

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. R. Negro, A. Schwartz, R. Gismondi, A. Tinelli, T. Mangieri, A. Stagnaro-Green, Thyroid antibody positivity in the first trimester of pregnancy is associated with negative pregnancy outcomes. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 96(6), E920–924 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2011-0026

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. S. Nazarpour, F. Ramezani Tehrani, M. Simbar, M. Tohidi, S. Minooee, M. Rahmati, F. Azizi, Effects of levothyroxine on pregnant women with subclinical hypothyroidism, negative for thyroid peroxidase antibodies. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 103(3), 926–935 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2017-01850

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. J. Li, J. Shen, L. Qin, Effects of levothyroxine on pregnancy outcomes in women with thyroid dysfunction: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Altern. Ther. Health Med. 23(2), 49–58 (2017)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. M. Pradhan, B. Anand, N. Singh, M. Mehrotra, Thyroid peroxidase antibody in hypothyroidism: it’s effect on pregnancy. J. Matern.-Fetal Neonatal Med. 26(6), 581–583 (2013). https://doi.org/10.3109/14767058.2012.745498

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. X. Su, Y. Zhao, Z. Cao, Y. Yang, T. Duan, J. Hua, Association between isolated hypothyroxinaemia in early pregnancy and perinatal outcomes. Endocr. Connect. 8(4), 435–441 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1530/ec-19-0088

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  32. J.E. Haddow, W.Y. Craig, L.M. Neveux, H.R. Haddow, G.E. Palomaki, G. Lambert-Messerlian, F.D. Malone, M.E. D’Alton, Implications of high free thyroxine (FT4) concentrations in euthyroid pregnancies: the FaSTER trial. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 99(6), 2038–2044 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2014-1053

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  33. J. Cleary-Goldman, F.D. Malone, G. Lambert-Messerlian, L. Sullivan, J. Canick, T.F. Porter, D. Luthy, S. Gross, D.W. Bianchi, M.E. D’Alton, Maternal thyroid hypofunction and pregnancy outcome. Obstet. Gynecol. 112(1), 85–92 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181788dd7

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  34. F.M. Breathnach, J. Donnelly, S.M. Cooley, M. Geary, F.D. Malone, Subclinical hypothyroidism as a risk factor for placental abruption: evidence from a low-risk primigravid population. Aust. N. Z. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 53(6), 553–560 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1111/ajo.12131

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. L. Chen, H. Yang, E. Ye, Z. Lin, M. Peng, H. Lin, L. Yu, Z. Cai, X. Lu, Insignificant effect of isolated hypothyroxinemia on pregnancy outcomes during the first and second trimester of pregnancy. Front. Endocrinol. 11, 528146 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2020.528146

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. M. Zhou, M. Wang, J. Li, X. Luo, M. Lei, Effects of thyroid diseases on pregnancy outcomes. Exp. Ther. Med. 18(3), 1807–1815 (2019). https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2019.7739

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  37. X. Gong, A. Liu, Y. Li, H. Sun, Y. Li, C. Li, X. Yu, C. Fan, Z. Shan, W. Teng, The impact of isolated maternal hypothyroxinemia during the first and second trimester of gestation on pregnancy outcomes: an intervention and prospective cohort study in China. J. Endocrinol. Investig. 42(5), 599–607 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40618-018-0960-7

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. M. Aburezq, F. AlAlban, M. Alabdulrazzaq, H. Badr, Risk factors associated with gestational diabetes mellitus: the role of pregnancy-induced hypertension and physical inactivity. Pregnancy Hypertens. 22, 64–70 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.preghy.2020.07.010

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. S.S. Fatima, R. Rehman, Z. Butt, M. Asif Tauni, T. Fatima Munim, B. Chaudhry, T.A. Khan, Screening of subclinical hypothyroidism during gestational diabetes in Pakistani population. J. Matern.-Fetal Neonatal Med. 29(13), 2166–2170 (2016). https://doi.org/10.3109/14767058.2015.1077513

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. H. Shahbazian, N. Shahbazian, M. Rahimi Baniani, L. Yazdanpanah, S.M. Latifi, Evaluation of thyroid dysfunction in pregnant women with gestational and pre-gestational diabetes. Pak. J. Med. Sci. 29(2), 638–641 (2013). https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.292.2862

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  41. T. Männistö, P. Mendola, J. Grewal, Y. Xie, Z. Chen, S.K. Laughon, Thyroid diseases and adverse pregnancy outcomes in a contemporary US cohort. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 98(7), 2725–2733 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2012-4233

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  42. S. Hoseini, S. Hantoushzadeh, S. Shoar, Evaluating the extent of pregravid risk factors of gestational diabetes mellitus in women in tehran. Iran. Red. Crescent Med. J. 13(6), 407–414 (2011)

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  43. M.T. Sahu, V. Das, S. Mittal, A. Agarwal, M. Sahu, Overt and subclinical thyroid dysfunction among Indian pregnant women and its effect on maternal and fetal outcome. Arch. Gynecol. Obstet. 281(2), 215–220 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00404-009-1105-1

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. T. Barišić, V. Mandić, A. Vasilj, D. Tiric, Higher levels of thyrotropin in pregnancy and adverse pregnancy outcomes. J. Matern.-Fetal Neonatal Med. 32(17), 2883–2888 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1080/14767058.2018.1451509

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. S. Turunen, M. Vääräsmäki, T. Männistö, A.L. Hartikainen, A.M. Lahesmaa-Korpinen, M. Gissler, E. Suvanto, Pregnancy and perinatal outcome among hypothyroid mothers: a population-based cohort study. Thyroid 29(1), 135–141 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.2018.0311

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Y. Zhang, W. Sun, S. Zhu, Y. Huang, Y. Huang, Y. Gao, J. Zhang, H. Yang, X. Guo, The impact of thyroid function and TPOAb in the first trimester on pregnancy outcomes: a retrospective study in peking. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 105(3) (2020). https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgz167

  47. B.D. Cakmak, U.A. Turker, M. Temur, E. Ustunyurt, Pregnancy outcomes of antibody negative and untreated subclinical hypothyroidism. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Res. 45(4), 810–816 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1111/jog.13925

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. S. Furukawa, K. Miyakawa, J. Shibata, M. Iwashita, Women with subclinical hypothyroidism are at low risk of poor pregnancy outcome in Japan. Tohoku J. Exp. Med. 242(3), 167–172 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1620/tjem.242.167

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. L.M. Chen, W.J. Du, J. Dai, Q. Zhang, G.X. Si, H. Yang, E.L. Ye, Q.S. Chen, L.C. Yu, C. Zhang, X.M. Lu, Effects of subclinical hypothyroidism on maternal and perinatal outcomes during pregnancy: a single-center cohort study of a Chinese population. PLoS ONE 9(10), e109364 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0109364

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  50. D.B. Nelson, B.M. Casey, D.D. McIntire, F.G. Cunningham, Subsequent pregnancy outcomes in women previously diagnosed with subclinical hypothyroidism. Am. J. Perinatol. 31(1), 77–84 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0033-1334457

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. C.M. Tudela, B.M. Casey, D.D. McIntire, F.G. Cunningham, Relationship of subclinical thyroid disease to the incidence of gestational diabetes. Obstet. Gynecol. 119(5), 983–988 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0b013e318250aeeb

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. N. Arbib, E. Hadar, O. Sneh-Arbib, R. Chen, A. Wiznitzer, R. Gabbay-Benziv, First trimester thyroid stimulating hormone as an independent risk factor for adverse pregnancy outcome. J. Matern.-Fetal Neonatal Med. 30(18), 2174–2178 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1080/14767058.2016.1242123

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. N. Aggarawal, V. Suri, R. Singla, S. Chopra, P. Sikka, V.N. Shah, A. Bhansali, Pregnancy outcome in hyperthyroidism: a case control study. Gynecol. Obstet. Investig. 77(2), 94–99 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1159/000357615

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. C. Li, S. Peng, X. Zhang, X. Xie, D. Wang, J. Mao, X. Teng, Z. Shan, W. Teng, The urine iodine to creatinine as an optimal index of iodine during pregnancy in an iodine adequate area in China. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 101(3), 1290–1298 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2015-3519

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. V.J. Pop, V. Ormindean, A. Mocan, M. Meems, M. Broeren, J.K. Denollet, W.M. Wiersinga, A. Bunevicius, Maternal cognitive function during pregnancy in relation to hypo- and hyperthyroxinemia. Clin. Endocrinol. 91(6), 824–833 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1111/cen.14107

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. T.I.M. Korevaar, A. Derakhshan, P.N. Taylor, M. Meima, L. Chen, S. Bliddal, D.M. Carty, M. Meems, B. Vaidya, B. Shields, F. Ghafoor, P.V. Popova, L. Mosso, E. Oken, E. Suvanto, A. Hisada, J. Yoshinaga, S.J. Brown, J. Bassols, J. Auvinen, W.M. Bramer, A. López-Bermejo, C. Dayan, L. Boucai, M. Vafeiadi, E.N. Grineva, A.S. Tkachuck, V.J.M. Pop, T.G. Vrijkotte, M. Guxens, L. Chatzi, J. Sunyer, A. Jiménez-Zabala, I. Riaño, M. Murcia, X. Lu, S. Mukhtar, C. Delles, U. Feldt-Rasmussen, S.M. Nelson, E.K. Alexander, L. Chaker, T. Männistö, J.P. Walsh, E.N. Pearce, E.A.P. Steegers, R.P. Peeters, Association of thyroid function test abnormalities and thyroid autoimmunity with preterm birth: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 322(7), 632–641 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2019.10931

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  57. K.A. Toulis, A. Stagnaro-Green, R. Negro, Maternal subclinical hypothyroidsm and gestational diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis. Endocr. Pract. 20(7), 703–714 (2014). https://doi.org/10.4158/ep13440.ra

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. A. Al-Khaldi, S. Sultan, The expression of sirtuins, superoxide dismutase, and lipid peroxidation status in peripheral blood from patients with diabetes and hypothyroidism. 19(1), 19 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12902-019-0350-y

  59. E. Carmeli, A. Bachar, S. Barchad, M. Morad, J. Merrick, Antioxidant status in the serum of persons with intellectual disability and hypothyroidism: a pilot study. Res. Dev. Disabil. 29(5), 431–438 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2007.08.001

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. A. Haribabu, V.S. Reddy, C. Pallavi, A.R. Bitla, A. Sachan, P. Pullaiah, V. Suresh, P.V. Rao, M.M. Suchitra, Evaluation of protein oxidation and its association with lipid peroxidation and thyrotropin levels in overt and subclinical hypothyroidism. Endocrine 44(1), 152–157 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-012-9849-y

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Y. Han, L.J. Mao, X. Ge, K. Huang, S.Q. Yan, L.L. Ren, S.Q. Hong, H. Gao, J. Sheng, Y.Y. Xu, W.J. Pan, P. Zhu, J.H. Hao, D.F. Zhu, F.B. Tao, Thyroid autoantibodies in pregnancy are associated with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: Ma'anshan Birth Cohort Study. 88(6), 928–935 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1111/cen.13590

  62. M. Yang, C. Du, Y. Wang, J. Liu, CD19(+)CD24(hi)CD38(hi) regulatory B cells are associated with insulin resistance in type I Hashimoto’s thyroiditis in Chinese females. Exp. Ther. Med. 14(4), 3887–3893 (2017). https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2017.4925

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

The study was funded by Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 81670763 and 81471050).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Endocrinology, The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, National Health Commission, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, PR China

    Jingyi Luo, Xiaoxia Wang & Lixin Guo

  2. The Savaid School of Medicine, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China

    Li Yuan

Authors
  1. Jingyi Luo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Xiaoxia Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Li Yuan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Lixin Guo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Lixin Guo.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary information

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Luo, J., Wang, X., Yuan, L. et al. Association of thyroid disorders with gestational diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis. Endocrine 73, 550–560 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-021-02712-2

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-021-02712-2

Keywords

Search

Navigation