Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Insights into the Perspective Correlation Between Vitamin D and Regulation of Hormones: Thyroid and Parathyroid Hormones

  • Review Paper
  • Published:
Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Vitamin D is a vital contributor to the regulation of calcium and phosphorus homeostasis to preserve healthy bones and teeth. This was previously assumed as the only role of vitamin D, but the amount of recent studies gives it popularity as panacea for cases beyond bone mineralization especially after reporting vitamin D receptors in many human cells. This led to a growing evidence that vitamin D could have a greater effect on human health. Accordingly, several functions of vitamin D have been agreed, and in several disorders, its deficiency is crucially suggested. Current reports have also demonstrated a striking link between vitamin D and the regulation of hormones with illustrated role for vitamin D in stimulation or inhibition of the synthesis and release of different hormones, as well as the feedback of some hormones on the in vivo production of vitamin D. A variety of conditions may arise as a consequence of increased or even decreased secretion of hormones have been linked to low level of serum vitamin D, providing a significance for reviewing of this regulation biologically and physiologically. This review is the first part of series to highlight the correlation between vitamin D and regulation of hormones in addition to reporting the link between deficiency of vitamin D and the hormone-associated medical disorders. Vitamin D’s role in regulation of hormone secretion and its associations with thyroid and parathyroid hormones will be considered in the current review.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Chesney RW. Theobald palm and his remarkable observation: how the sunshine vitamin came to be recognized. Nutrients. 2012;4(1):42–51. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu4010042.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  2. Wacker M, Holick MF. Sunlight and Vitamin D: A global perspective for health. Dermatoendocrinol. 2013;5(1):51–108. https://doi.org/10.4161/derm.24494.

  3. Prentice A, Schoenmakers I, Jones KS, Jarjou LM, Goldberg GR. Vitamin D deficiency and its health consequences in Africa. Clin Rev Bone Miner Metab. 2009;7(1):94–106. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12018-009-9038-6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  4. Wimalawansa SJ, Razzaque MS, Al-Daghri NM. Calcium and vitamin D in human health: Hype or real? Journal Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2018;180:4–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.12.009.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Chun RF, Shieh A, Gottlieb C, Yacoubian V, Wang J, Hewison M, Adams JS. Vitamin D binding protein and the biological activity of vitamin D. Front Endocrinol. 2019;10:718. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2019.00718.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Veldurthy V, Wei R, Oz L, Dhawan P, Jeon YH, Christakos S. Vitamin D calcium homeostasis and aging. Bone Res. 2016;4(1):16041. https://doi.org/10.1038/boneres.2016.41.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  7. Khazai N, Judd SE, Tangpricha V. Calcium and vitamin D: skeletal and extraskeletal health. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2008;10(2):110–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11926-008-0020-y.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  8. Agrawal D, Yin K. Vitamin D and inflammatory diseases. J Inflamm Res. 2014;7(1):69. https://doi.org/10.2147/JIR.S63898.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  9. Bikle DD, Patzek S, Wang Y. Physiologic and pathophysiologic roles of extra renal CYP27b1: case report and review. Bone Rep. 2018;8:255–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bonr.2018.02.004.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. Christakos S, Hewison M, Gardner DG, Wagner CL, Sergeev IN, Rutten E, et al. Vitamin D: beyond bone. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2013;1287(1):45–58. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.12129.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. Alnori H, Alassaf FA, Alfahad M, Qazzaz ME, Jasim M, Abed MN. Vitamin D and immunoglobulin E status in allergic rhinitis patients compared to healthy people. J Med Life. 2020;13(4):463–8.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. Pilz S, Zittermann A, Obeid R, Hahn A, Pludowski P, Trummer C, et al. The role of vitamin D in fertility and during pregnancy and lactation: a review of clinical data. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018;15(10):2241. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15102241.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. Cuomo A, Maina G, Bolognesi S, Rosso G, Beccarini Crescenzi B, Zanobini F, et al. Prevalence and correlates of vitamin D deficiency in a sample of 290 inpatients with mental illness. Front Psychiatry. 2019;10:1–5. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00167.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Grant WB, Lahore H, McDonnell SL, Baggerly CA, French CB, Aliano JL, et al. Evidence that vitamin D supplementation could reduce risk of influenza and COVID-19 infections and deaths. Nutrients. 2020;12(4):988. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12040988.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  15. Cyprian F, Lefkou E, Varoudi K, Girardi G. Immunomodulatory effects of vitamin D in pregnancy and beyond. Front Immunol. 2019;10:1–17. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2019.02739.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. McMullan CJ, Borgi L, Curhan GC, Fisher N, Forman JP. The effect of vitamin D on renin–angiotensin system activation and blood pressure. J Hypertens. 2017;35(4):822–9. https://doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0000000000001220.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  17. Szymczak-Pajor I, Śliwińska A. Analysis of association between vitamin D deficiency and insulin resistance. Nutrients. 2019;11(4):794. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(01)05429-0.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  18. Emerson MR. The central endocrine glands: intertwining physiology and pharmacy. Am J Pharm Educ. 2007;71(5):96. Available from: http://www.ajpe.org/doi/abs/10.5688/aj710596.

  19. Kaprara A, Huhtaniemi IT. The hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis: tales of mice and men. Metabolism. 2018;86:3–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2017.11.018.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Chrousos GP. Organization and integration of the endocrine system: the arousal and sleep perspective. Sleep Med Clin. 2007;2(2):125–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsmc.2007.04.004.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. Sassi F, Tamone C, D’Amelio P. Vitamin D: nutrient hormone and immunomodulator. Nutrients. 2018;10(11):1656. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10111656.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  22. Demer LL, Hsu JJ, Tintut Y. Steroid hormone vitamin D. Circ Res. 2018;122(11):1576–85. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.118.311585.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. Esposito S, Leonardi A, Lanciotti L, Cofini M, Muzi G, Penta L. Vitamin D and growth hormone in children: a review of the current scientific knowledge. J Transl Med. 2019;17(1):87. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-019-1840-4.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  24. Pike JW, Christakos S. Biology and mechanisms of action of the vitamin D hormone. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2017;46(4):815–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecl.2017.07.001.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  25. Pike JW, Meyer MB, Lee SM, Onal M, Benkusky NA. The vitamin D receptor: contemporary genomic approaches reveal new basic and translational insights. J Clin Invest. 2017;127(4):1146–54. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI88887.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. Sisley SR, Arble DM, Chambers AP, Gutierrez-Aguilar R, He Y, Xu Y, et al. Hypothalamic vitamin D improves glucose homeostasis and reduces weight. Diabetes. 2016;65(9):2732–41. https://doi.org/10.2337/db16-0309.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. Sung CC, Liao MT, Lu KC, Wu CC. Role of vitamin D in insulin resistance. J Biomed Biotechnol. 2012;2012:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/634195.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Barja-Fernández S, Aguilera CM, Martínez-Silva I, Vazquez R, Gil-Campos M, Olza J, et al. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D levels of children are inversely related to adiposity assessed by body mass index. J Physiol Biochem. 2018;74(1):111–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13105-017-0581-1.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Aypak C, Türedi Ö, Yüce A. The association of vitamin D status with cardiometabolic risk factors, obesity and puberty in children. Eur J Pediatr. 2014;173(3):367–73. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-013-2177-2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Viana Pires L, M. González-Gil E, Anguita-Ruiz A, Bueno G, Gil-Campos M, Vázquez-Cobela R, et al. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and its relationship with sex hormones puberty and obesity degree in children and adolescents. Child Adolesc Obes. 2020;3(1):150–69. https://doi.org/10.1080/2574254X.2020.1812964.

  31. Zhao D, Ouyang P, de Boer IH, Lutsey PL, Farag YM, Guallar E, Siscovick DS, Post WS, Kalyani RR, Billups KL, Michos ED. Serum vitamin D and sex hormones levels in men and women: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Maturitas. 2017;1(96):95–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2016.11.017.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Krysiak R, Kowalska B, Szkróbka W, Okopień B. The association between macroprolactin levels and vitamin D status in premenopausal women with macroprolactinemia: a pilot study. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2015;123(08):446–50. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0035-1555877.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Lima LAR, Lopes MJP, Costa RO, Lima FAV, Neves KRT, Calou IBF, et al. Vitamin D protects dopaminergic neurons against neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in hemiparkinsonian rats. J Neuroinflammation. 2018;15(1):249. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12974-018-1266-6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  34. Tønnesen R, Schwarz P, Hovind P, Jensen LT. Modulation of the sympathetic nervous system in youngsters by vitamin-D supplementation. Physiol Rep. 2018;6(7):e13635. https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.13635.

  35. Krysiak R, Szkróbka W, Okopień B. Dehydroepiandrosterone potentiates the effect of vitamin D on thyroid autoimmunity in euthyroid women with autoimmune thyroiditis: a pilot study. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2021;48(2):195–202. https://doi.org/10.1111/1440-1681.13410.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Bover J, Gunnarsson J, Csomor P, Kaiser E, Cianciolo G, Lauppe R. Impact of nutritional vitamin D supplementation on parathyroid hormone and 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in non-dialysis chronic kidney disease: a meta-analysis. Clin Kidney J. 2021;14(2):1–10. https://academic.oup.com/ckj/advance-article/doi/10.1093/ckj/sfab035/6129095.

  37. Maneenin C, Maneenin N, Iamsaard S. Anatomical variations of thyroid glands in Northeastern-Thai embalmed cadavers. Int J Morphol. 2019;37(1):136–40. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0717-95022019000100136.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Boelaert K. Thyroid hormone in health and disease. J Endocrinol. 2005;187(1):1–15. https://doi.org/10.1677/joe.1.06131.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Cicatiello AG, Di Girolamo D, Dentice M. Metabolic effects of the intracellular regulation of thyroid hormone: old players new concepts. Front Endocrinol. 2018;9:1–7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2018.00474.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Mullur R, Liu YY, Brent GA. Thyroid hormone regulation of metabolism. Physiol Rev. 2014;94(2):355–82. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00030.2013.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  41. Bassett JHD, Williams GR. Role of thyroid hormones in skeletal development and bone maintenance. Endocr Rev. 2016;37(2):135–87. Available from: https://academic.oup.com/edrv/article/37/2/135/2683974.

  42. Zhang H, Liang L, Xie Z. Low vitamin D status is associated with increased thyrotropin-receptor antibody titer in Graves disease. Endocr Pract. 2015;21(3):258–63. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1530891X20433543.

  43. Kim D. Low vitamin D status is associated with hypothyroid Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Hormones. 2016;15(3):385–93. https://doi.org/10.14310/horm.2002.1681.

  44. Zhao J, Wang H, Zhang Z, Zhou X, Yao J, Zhang R, et al. Vitamin D deficiency as a risk factor for thyroid cancer: A meta-analysis of case-control studies. Nutrition. 2019;57:5–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2018.04.015.

  45. Misharin A, Hewison M, Chen C-R, Lagishetty V, Aliesky HA, Mizutori Y, et al. Vitamin D deficiency modulates Graves’ hyperthyroidism induced in BALB/c mice by thyrotropin receptor immunization. Endocrinol. 2009;150(2):1051–60. Available from: https://academic.oup.com/endo/article-lookup/doi/10.1210/en.2008-1191.

  46. Ahi S, Dehdar MR, Hatami N. Vitamin D deficiency in non-autoimmune hypothyroidism: a case-control study. BMC Endocr Disord. 2020;20(1):41. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12902-020-0522-9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  47. Alrefaie Z, Awad H. Effect of vitamin D 3 on thyroid function and de-iodinase 2 expression in diabetic rats. Arch Physiol Biochem. 2015;121(5):206–9. https://doi.org/10.3109/13813455.2015.1107101.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Amer AH, Chaudhari K, Trivedi R, Patel R. Study of the serum levels of vitamin d and calcium ionized in thyroid disorders. Int J Med Biomed Stud. 2019;3(7):93–9. Available from: http://ijmbs.info/index.php/ijmbs/article/view/373.

  49. Mackawy AMH, Al-Ayed BM, Al-Rashidi BM. Vitamin D deficiency and its association with thyroid disease. Int J Health Sci. 2013;7(3):267–75. Available from: http://platform.almanhal.com/CrossRef/Preview/?ID=2-52624.

  50. Talaei A, Ghorbani F, Asemi Z. The effects of vitamin D supplementation on thyroid function in hypothyroid patients: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2018;22(5):584. Available from: http://e-jer.org/journal/view.phpnumber=2013600326%0Ahttp://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=99098037&site=ehostlive%0Ahttp://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-18709-9.

  51. Bhar D, Bose C, Ranjan Sarkar N, Chowdhury S, Mukhopadhyay S. Vitamin D therapy improves thyroid function and autoimmunity in Hashimoto thyroiditis. INDIAN J Res. 2019;8(9):138–41.

    Google Scholar 

  52. ElRawi HA, Ghanem NS, ElSayed NM, Ali HM, Rashed LA, Mansour MM. Study of vitamin D level and vitamin D receptor polymorphism in hypothyroid Egyptian patients. J Thyroid Res. 2019;2019:1–10. Available from: https://www.hindawi.com/journals/jtr/2019/3583250/.

  53. Zare Ebrahimabad M, Teymoori H, Joshaghani H. Vitamin D status and its relationship with thyroid function parameters in patients with hypothyroidism. Med Lab J. 2019;13(5):8–12. Available from: http://mlj.goums.ac.ir/article-1-1101-en.html.

  54. Simsek Y, Cakir I, Yetmis M, Dizdar O, Baspinar O, Gokay F. Effects of vitamin D treatment on thyroid autoimmunity. J Res Med Sci. 2016;21(1):85. Available from: http://www.jmsjournal.net/text.asp?2016/21/1/85/192501.

  55. Bozkurt N, Karbek B, Ucan B, Sahin M, Cakal E, Ozbek M, et al. The association between severity of vitamin D deficiency and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Endocr Pract. 2013;19(3):479–84. Available from: http://journals.aace.com/doi/abs/10.4158/EP12376.OR.

  56. Wang J, Lv S, Chen G, Gao C, He J, Zhong H, et al. Meta-Analysis of the Association between vitamin D and autoimmune thyroid disease. Nutrients. 2015;7(4):2485–98. Available from: http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/7/4/2485.

  57. Yasuda T, Okamoto Y, Hamada N, Miyashita K, Takahara M, Sakamoto F, et al. Serum vitamin D levels are decreased and associated with thyroid volume in female patients with newly onset Graves’ disease. Endocrine. 2012;42(3):739–41. Available from: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s12020-012-9679-y.

  58. D’Aurizio F, Villalta D, Metus P, Doretto P, Tozzoli R. Is vitamin D a player or not in the pathophysiology of autoimmune thyroid diseases? Autoimmun Rev. 2015;14(5):363–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autrev.2014.10.008.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Kim D. The role of vitamin D in thyroid diseases. Int J Mol Sci. 2017;18(9):1949. Available from: http://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/18/9/1949.

  60. Goswami R, Marwaha RK, Gupta N, Tandon N, Sreenivas V, Tomar N, et al. Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and its relationship with thyroid autoimmunity in Asian Indians: a community-based survey. Br J Nutr. 2009;102(3):382–6. Available from: https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0007114509220824/type/journal_article.

  61. Effraimidis G, Badenhoop K, Tijssen JGP, Wiersinga WM. Vitamin D deficiency is not associated with early stages of thyroid autoimmunity. Eur J Endocrinol. 2012;167(1):43–8. Available from: https://eje.bioscientifica.com/view/journals/eje/167/1/43.xml.

  62. Musa IR, Gasim GI, Khan S, Ibrahim IA, Abo-alazm H, Adam I. No association between 25 (OH) vitamin D level and hypothyroidism among females. Open Access Maced J Med Sci. 2017;5(2):126–30. Available from: http://www.id-press.eu/mjms/article/view/oamjms.2017.029.

  63. Cantorna M, Snyder L, Lin Y-D, Yang L. Vitamin D and 1,25(OH)2D Regulation of T cells. Nutrients. 2015;7(4):3011–21. Available from: http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/7/4/3011.

  64. Danner OK, Matthews LR, Francis S, Rao VN, Harvey CP, Tobin RP, et al. Vitamin D3 suppresses class II invariant chain peptide expression on activated B-lymphocytes: a plausible mechanism for downregulation of acute inflammatory conditions. J Nutr Metab. 2016;2016:1–8. Available from: http://www.hindawi.com/journals/jnme/2016/4280876/.

  65. Vanherwegen A-S, Eelen G, Ferreira GB, Ghesquière B, Cook DP, Nikolic T, et al. Vitamin D controls the capacity of human dendritic cells to induce functional regulatory T cells by regulation of glucose metabolism. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2019;187:134–45. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S096007601830606X.

  66. Cho YY, Chung YJ. Vitamin D supplementation does not prevent the recurrence of Graves’ disease. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):16. Available from: http://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-55107-9.

  67. Elakkiya I, Thenmozhi. Study on the average weight of human parathyroid gland of different age and sex. Int J Curr Adv Res. 2017;6(5):3806–11. Available from: http://journalijcar.org/issues/study-average-weight-human-parathyroid-gland-different-age-and-sex.

  68. Kunstman JW, Kirsch JD, Mahajan A, Udelsman R. Parathyroid localization and implications for clinical management. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;98(3):902–12. Available from: https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article/98/3/902/2536510.

  69. Brown SJ, Ruppe MD, Tabatabai LS. The parathyroid gland and heart disease. Methodist Debakey Cardiovasc J. 2017;13(2):49–54. Available from: http://journal.houstonmethodist.org/doi/10.14797/mdcj-13-2-49.

  70. Goltzman D, Mannstadt M, Marcocci C. Physiology of the calcium-parathyroid hormone-vitamin D axis. Front Horm Res. 2018;50:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1159/000486060.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Martins JS, Palhares MDO, Teixeira OCM, Gontijo Ramos M. Vitamin D status and its association with parathyroid hormone concentration in Brazilians. J Nutr Metab. 2017;2017:1–5. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/9056470.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Sai AJ, Walters RW, Fang X, Gallagher JC. Relationship between vitamin D, parathyroid hormone, and bone health. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96(3):E436–46. Available from: https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article-lookup/doi/10.1210/jc.2010-1886.

  73. Bañón S, Rosillo M, Gómez A, Pérez-Elias MJ, Moreno S, Casado JL. Effect of a monthly dose of calcidiol in improving vitamin D deficiency and secondary hyperparathyroidism in HIV-infected patients. Endocrine. 2015;49(2):528–37. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-014-0489-2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Khundmiri SJ, Murray RD, Lederer E. PTH and vitamin D. Compr Physiol. 2011;6(2):561–601. https://doi.org/10.1002/cphy.c140071.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

Our research team acknowledges the College of Pharmacy and the University of Mosul for assistance, guidance and support.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Pharmacy, University of Mosul, Mosul, Nineveh Province, Iraq

    Mohammed N. Abed, Fawaz A. Alassaf, Mohannad E. Qazzaz, Mohanad Alfahad & Mahmood H. M. Jasim

  2. Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq

    Mohammed N. Abed & Mahmood H. M. Jasim

  3. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq

    Fawaz A. Alassaf

  4. Department of Pharmacognosy and Medicinal Plants, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq

    Mohannad E. Qazzaz

  5. Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq

    Mohanad Alfahad

Authors
  1. Mohammed N. Abed
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Fawaz A. Alassaf
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Mohannad E. Qazzaz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Mohanad Alfahad
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Mahmood H. M. Jasim
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mohammed N. Abed.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Abed, M.N., Alassaf, F. ., Qazzaz, M.E. et al. Insights into the Perspective Correlation Between Vitamin D and Regulation of Hormones: Thyroid and Parathyroid Hormones. Clinic Rev Bone Miner Metab 18, 87–93 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12018-021-09279-6

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12018-021-09279-6

Keywords

Search

Navigation