Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Concentration of Potentially Toxic Elements (PTEs) in Rapid Coffee Products in Bandar Abbas, Iran: Probabilistic Non-Carcinogenic and Carcinogenic Risk Assessment

  • Research
  • Published:
Biological Trace Element Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Coffee is one of the most widely consumed beverages in the world. However, coffee plants are often exposed to potentially toxic elements (PTEs) pollution. The main aims of current study were to detect the PTEs in instant coffee and health risk assessment of consumers in Bandar Abbas city. To achieve this, 40 samples of instant coffee were randomly collected from various points in the city in 2023 and PTEs concentrations were measured using flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). The non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks were calculated using Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) method. The concentrations of Fe and Cu were higher than other PTEs, equaling 404.41 mg/kg and 0.0046 mg/kg, respectively. The non-carcinogenic risk assessment revealed that THQ (Fe > Pb > As > Cd > Ni > Cu) and TTHQ levels were less than 1 based on the 95% percentile in adults and children, indicating there is no possibility of a non-carcinogenic risk associated with instant coffee. The carcinogenic risk due to inorganic As in instant coffee was acceptable (2.63E-5 and 1.27E-5 based on the 95% percentile for adults and children, respectively), therefore PTEs in instant coffee do not endanger the health of consumers.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

Data Availability

No datasets were generated or analysed during the current study.

References

  1. Gao L et al (2022) Concentrations and health risk assessment of 24 residual heavy metals in Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis). Qual Assur Saf Crops Foods 14(1):82–91

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Cai S, Zeng B, Li C (2023) Potential health risk assessment of metals in the muscle of seven wild fish species from the Wujiangdu reservoir, China. Qual Assur Saf Crops Foods 15(1):73–83

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Luo C et al (2022) Comparison of the health risks associated with exposure to toxic metals and metalloids following consumption of freshwater catches in China. Qual Assur Saf Crops Foods 14(4):1–12

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Rai PK et al (2019) Heavy metals in food crops: Health risks, fate, mechanisms, and management. Environ Int 125:365–385

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Nie G et al (2023) Accumulation characteristics and evaluation of heavy metals in soils and vegetables of plastic-covered sheds in typical red soil areas of China. Qual Assur Saf Crops Foods 15(3):22–35

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Talema A (2023) Causes, negative effects, and preventive methods of water pollution in Ethiopia. Qual Assur Saf Crops Foods 15(2):129–139

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Li X et al (2023) Role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in cadmium tolerance in rice (Oryza sativa L): a meta-analysis. Qual Assur Saf Crops Foods 15(2):59–70

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Bahardoust M et al (2023) Effect of ABO blood group on postoperative overall survival and recurrence-free survival rate in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma after hepatectomy: a multi-center retrospective cohort study. BMC Surg 23(1):324

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  9. Onyeaka H et al (2022) A review of the top 100 most cited papers on food safety. Qual Assur Saf Crops Foods 3(1):1–15

    Google Scholar 

  10. Nematollahi A et al (2021) The concentration of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in sausages: a systematic review and meta-analysis study. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28:55186–55201

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Fakhri Y et al (2021) The concentration of potentially hazardous elements (PHEs) in the muscle of blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus) and associated health risk. Chemosphere 279:130431

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Lee J-G et al (2019) Effects of food processing methods on migration of heavy metals to food. Appl Biol Chem 62(1):64

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Pasalari N et al (2023) Potentially toxic elements (PTES) concentration in anchovy fish sauce from Hormozgan province, Iran: a probabilistic health risk study. Int J Environ Anal Chem 5(3):1–16

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Mahmudiono T et al (2024) Potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in coastal sediments of Bandar Abbas city, North of Persian Gulf: an ecological risk assessment. Int J Environ Health Res 34(3):1255–1269

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Mohammadpour A et al (2023) Novel modelling approach to assess elements contamination in drinking water from Southern Iran. Expos Health 3(1):1–18

    Google Scholar 

  16. Mohammadpour A et al (2023) Seasonal variations of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in drinking water and health risk assessment via Monte Carlo simulation and Sobol sensitivity analysis in southern Iran’s largest city. Appl Water Sci 13(12):237

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Liao S et al (2023) Establishment of dairy product risk rank model based on the perspective of time, space, and potential contaminants. Qual Assur Saf Crops Foods 15(4):143–155

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Bai B et al (2020) Temperature-driven migration of heavy metal Pb2+ along with moisture movement in unsaturated soils. Int J Heat Mass Transf 153:119573

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Bai B et al (2022) The remediation efficiency of heavy metal pollutants in water by industrial red mud particle waste. Environ Technol Innov 28:102944

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Xiao-Mei H et al (2023) Impact of watershed habitat quality based on land use: a case study of taking Ciyao River Basin. Qual Assur Saf Crops Foods 15(1):18–31

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Xiao-Mei H et al (2023) Analysis of hydrochemical characteristics and genesis of water-deficient rivers in China: a case study of the Ciyao River Basin in Shanxi Province. Qual Assur Saf Crops Foods 15(1):32–43

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Kumar S et al (2019) Hazardous heavy metals contamination of vegetables and food chain: Role of sustainable remediation approaches - A review. Environ Res 179:108792

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Bai B et al (2024) Corrosion effect of acid/alkali on cementitious red mud-fly ash materials containing heavy metal residues. Environ Technol Innov 33:103485

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Gavahian M (2023) Valorized pineapple waste by conventional and energy-saving ohmic extraction: potentially toxic elements and mycotoxin contamination. Qual Assur Saf Crops Foods 15(4):11–20

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Gao P et al (2023) Effects of vitamins A, C, and D and zinc on urinary tract infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Qual Assur Saf Crops Foods 15(3):88–95

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Chen X et al (2023) Near-infrared spectroscopy of Chinese soy sauce for quality evaluation. Qual Assur Saf Crops Foods 15(1):139–151

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Wang L et al (2024) Quality assessment of black ginseng materials utilizing chemometrics and modeling inflammation in Zebrafish. Qual Assur Saf Crops Foods 16(1):23–37

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Xu J et al (2023) Flexible sensing enabled packaging performance optimization system (FS-PPOS) for lamb loss reduction control in E-commerce supply chain. Food Control 145:109394

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Zhang H et al (2023) Fuzzy-PID-based atmosphere packaging gas distribution system for fresh food. Appl Sci 13(4):2674

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Xu J et al (2022) Intelligent dynamic quality prediction of chilled chicken with integrated IoT flexible sensing and knowledge rules extraction. Foods 11(6):836

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  31. Zamanpour S et al (2023) A systematic review to introduce the most effective postbiotics derived from probiotics for aflatoxin detoxification in vitro. Ital J Food Saf 35(4):31–49

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Basso ABG et al (2023) Individual and combined decontamination effect of fermentation and ultrasound on aflatoxin B1 in wheat-based doughs: A preliminary study. Qual Assur Saf Crops Foods 15(3):96–103

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Tenge BN et al (2022) Verification of the Accuscan gold reader and RIDA smart phone application rapid test kits in detection and quantification of aflatoxin levels in maize from selected regions in Kenya. Qual Assur Saf Crops Foods 14(4):125–135

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Thakaew R, Chaiklangmuang S (2023) Aflatoxin B1 elimination in low-grade maize by co-influence of heat and chemical treatment. Qual Assur Saf Crops Foods 15(3):55–67

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Elhelaly AE et al (2022) Residual contents of the toxic metals (lead and cadmium), and the trace elements (copper and zinc) in the bovine meat and dairy products: residues, dietary intakes, and their health risk assessment. Toxin Rev 41(3):968–975

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Song W et al (2023) Tectorigenin suppresses the viability of gastric cancer cells in vivo and in vitro. Qual Assur Saf Crops Foods 15(3):117–125

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Jiang M, Zheng S (2022) Geniposide inhibits non-small cell lung cancer cell migration and angiogenesis by regulating PPARγ/VEGF-A pathway. Qual Assur Saf Crops Foods 14(1):46–54

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Geyik ÖG et al (2023) Effects of phenolic compounds of colored wheats on colorectal cancer cell lines. Qual Assur Saf Crops Foods 15(4):21–31

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Wang M et al (2022) Brusatol inhibits the growth of prostate cancer cells and reduces HIF-1α/VEGF expression and glycolysis under hypoxia. Qual Assur Saf Crops Foods 14(4):13–22

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Bahardoust M et al (2023) Effect of metformin use on survival and recurrence rate of gastric cancer after gastrectomy in diabetic patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. J Gastrointest Cancer 4(1):1–12

    Google Scholar 

  41. Bahardoust M et al (2024) Vitamin B12 deficiency after total gastrectomy for gastric cancer, prevalence, and symptoms: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Cancer Prev 33(3):208–216

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Abbas MM et al (2023) Prevalence of anterior nares colonization of Palestinian diabetic patients with Staphylococcus aureus or methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Qual Assur Saf Crops Foods 15(4):32–41

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Zhu BJ et al (2023) Combining network pharmacology and bioinformatics to identify bioactive compounds and potential mechanisms of action of Sedum aizoon L in the treatment of atherosclerosis. Qual Assur Saf Crops Foods 15(3):104–116

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Nartea A et al (2022) Is coffee powder extract a possible functional ingredient useful in food and nutraceutical industries? Ital J Food Saf 34(1):140–148

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Ghahraman MA, Farahani S, Tavanai E (2022) A comprehensive review of the effects of caffeine on the auditory and vestibular systems. Nutr Neurosci 25(10):2181–2194

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. de Melo Pereira GV et al (2020) Chapter Three - Chemical composition and health properties of coffee and coffee by-products. In: Toldrá F (ed.) Advances in food and nutrition research, vol 2. Academic Press, pp 65–96

  47. Winiarska-Mieczan A et al (2021) Assessment of the risk of exposure to cadmium and lead as a result of the consumption of coffee infusions. Biol Trace Elem Res 199(6):2420–2428

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Noël L et al (2012) Li, Cr, Mn Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Se and Mo levels in foodstuffs from the Second French TDS. Food Chem 132(3):1502–1513

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Czarniecka-Skubina E et al (2021) Consumer choices and habits related to coffee consumption by poles. Int J Environ Res Public Health 18(8):3948

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  50. Chudy S (2014) Development of coffee market and changes in coffee consumption among Poles. J Agribus Rural Dev 34(4):25–31

    Google Scholar 

  51. Winiarska-Mieczan A et al (2023) Cadmium and lead concentration in drinking instant coffee, instant coffee drinks and coffee substitutes: safety and health risk assessment. Biol Trace Elem Res 201(1):425–434

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Webb A et al (2020) Sources of elevated heavy metal concentrations in sediments and benthic marine invertebrates of the western Antarctic Peninsula. Sci Total Environ 698:134268

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Heshmati A et al (2020) The concentration and health risk of potentially toxic elements in black and green tea—both bagged and loose-leaf. Qual Assur Saf Crops Foods 12(3):140–150

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Kazemi A et al (2022) Alterations and health risk assessment of the environmental concentration of heavy metals in the edible tissue of marine fish (Thunnus tonggol) consumed by different cooking methods. Reg Stud Mar Sci 53:102361

    Google Scholar 

  55. Armbruster DA, Pry T (2008) Limit of blank, limit of detection and limit of quantitation. Clin Biochem Rev 29(Suppl 1):S49

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  56. EPA U (2000) Risk-based concentration table, vol 2. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Philadelphia, Washington DC, pp 12–16

  57. Mohammadpour A et al (2023) The concentration of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in drinking water from Shiraz, Iran: a health risk assessment of samples. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30(9):23295–23311

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Xiong J et al (2022) Occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in three types of milk from Xinjiang, China, and the risk of exposure for milk consumers in different age-sex groups. Foods 11(23):3922

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  59. Özlü H (2024) Occurrence, dietary exposure and risk assessment to aflatoxins in red pepper flakes from Southeast of Türkiye. Qual Assur Saf Crops Foods 16(1):69–77

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. EPA (2011) Exposure factors handbook: vol 2, 2011 edn. EPA/600/R-09, pp 3–6

  61. Mohammadpour A et al (2022) Assessment of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in fruits from Iranian market (Shiraz): A health risk assessment study. J Food Compos Anal 114:104826

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Xiong J et al (2022) Occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in yogurt and milk in central-eastern China and the risk of exposure in milk consumers. Food Control 137:108928

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Einolghozati M et al (2023) The level of heavy metal in fresh and processed fruits: a study meta-analysis, systematic review, and health risk assessment. Biol Trace Elem Res 201(5):2582–2596

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. EPA (2016) USEPA, 2016. Integrated risk information system, vol 5, pp 6–12. https://www.epa.gov/iris/

  65. Harrison RL (2010) Introduction to monte carlo simulation. In: AIP conference proceedings. Am Inst Phys 11:25–29

  66. Zheng K et al (2023) Epidemiological evidence for the effect of environmental heavy metal exposure on the immune system in children. Sci Total Environ 868:13–16

    Article  Google Scholar 

  67. Jan AT et al (2015) Heavy metals and human health: mechanistic insight into toxicity and counter defense system of antioxidants. Int J Mol Sci 16(12):29592–29630

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  68. Hu L et al (2022) Effects of inorganic and organic selenium intervention on resistance of radish to arsenic stress. Ital J Food Saf 34(1):44–58

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Butt MS, Sultan MT (2011) Coffee and its consumption: benefits and risks. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 51(4):363–373

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Albals D et al (2021) Multi-element determination of essential and toxic metals in green and roasted coffee beans: a comparative study among different origins using ICP-MS. Sci Prog 104(2):12–17

  71. Jaishankar M et al (2014) Toxicity, mechanism and health effects of some heavy metals. Interdiscip Toxicol 7(2):60

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  72. Ashu R, Chandravanshi BS (2011) Concentration levels of metals in commercially available Ethiopian roasted coffee powders and their infusions. Bull Chem Soc Ethiop 25(1):12–19

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. Ludwig IA et al (2014) Coffee: biochemistry and potential impact on health. Food Funct 5(8):1695–1717

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Gökcen BB, Şanlier N (2019) Coffee consumption and disease correlations. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 59(2):336–348

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. De Toni L et al (2017) Phthalates and heavy metals as endocrine disruptors in food: a study on pre-packed coffee products. Toxicol Rep 4:234–239

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  76. Gogoasa I et al (2013) The mineral content of different coffee brands. J Hortic For Biotechnol 17(4):68–71

    Google Scholar 

  77. Alkherraz AM et al (2021) A Comparative Study of Some Nuts And Seeds Constituents Available in Local Market at Misurata City-Libya. Biquarterly Iran J Anal Chem 8(1):1–9

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Kowalska G (2021) The safety assessment of toxic metals in commonly used herbs, spices, tea, and coffee in Poland. Int J Environ Res Public Health 18(11):5779

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  79. Winiarska-Mieczan A et al (2021) Assessment of the risk of exposure to cadmium and lead as a result of the consumption of coffee infusions. Biol Trace Elem Res 199:2420–2428

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Persad AS, Cooper GS (2008) Use of epidemiologic data in Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) assessments. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 233(1):137–145

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Khunlert P et al (2021) Pyrethroid and metal residues in different coffee bean preparing processes and their human health risk assessments via consumption. bioRxiv 13:24–30

  82. Taghizadeh SF et al (2023) Assessment of Carcinogenic and Non-carcinogenic Risk of Exposure to Metals via Consumption of Coffee, Tea, and Herbal Tea in Iranians. Biol Trace Elem Res 201(3):1520–1537

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

This project was supported by Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran (IR.HUMS.REC.1399.448).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Food Health Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran

    Vali Alipour, Iman Mahmoudi, Mohammad Borzoei & Yadolah Fakhri

  2. Nutrition Health Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran

    Fereshteh Mehri

  3. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

    Maryam Sarkhosh

  4. Laboratory of Materials, Treatment and Analysis, National Institute of Research and Physicochemical Analysis; and High School for Science and Health Techniques of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia

    Intissar limam

  5. Air Pollution Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Rasul Nasiri

Authors
  1. Vali Alipour
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Iman Mahmoudi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Mohammad Borzoei
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Fereshteh Mehri
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Maryam Sarkhosh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Intissar limam
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Rasul Nasiri
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Yadolah Fakhri
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Study design was conducted by Vali Alipour, Yadolah Fakhri and Analysis of data by Iman Mahmoudi, Mohammad Borzoei, Freshtehm Mehri, Maryam Sarkhosh, and prepares manuscript by Vali Alipour, Freshtehm Mehri, Maryam Sarkhosh, Intissar limam, Rasul Nasiri, Yadolah Fakhri.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Iman Mahmoudi or Yadolah Fakhri.

Ethics declarations

Ethical Approval

This project was approved by the ethics committee of Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran (IR.HUMS.REC.1399.448).

Consent to Participate

The authors declare their Consent to Participate in this article.

Consent to Publish

The authors declare their Consent to Publish this article.

Competing Interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Disclosure Statement

None to declare.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Alipour, V., Mahmoudi, I., Borzoei, M. et al. Concentration of Potentially Toxic Elements (PTEs) in Rapid Coffee Products in Bandar Abbas, Iran: Probabilistic Non-Carcinogenic and Carcinogenic Risk Assessment. Biol Trace Elem Res (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-024-04228-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-024-04228-y

Keywords

Search

Navigation