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Mechanisms of Arsenic Exposure-Induced Hypertension and Atherosclerosis: an Updated Overview

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Abstract

Arsenic is an abundant element in the earth’s crust. In the environment and within the human body, this toxic element can be found in both organic and inorganic forms. Chronic exposure to arsenic can predispose humans to cardiovascular diseases including hypertension, stroke, atherosclerosis, and blackfoot disease. Oxidative damage induced by reactive oxygen species is a major player in arsenic-induced toxicity, and it can affect genes expression, inflammatory responses, and/or nitric oxide homeostasis. Exposure to arsenic in drinking water can lead to vascular endothelial dysfunction which is reflected by an imbalance between vascular relaxation and contraction. Arsenic has been shown to inactivate endothelial nitric oxide synthase leading to a reduction of the generation and bioavailability of nitric oxide. Ultimately, these effects increase the risk of vascular diseases such as hypertension and atherosclerosis. The present article reviews how arsenic exposure contributes to hypertension and atherosclerosis development.

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Abbreviations

ApoE:

Apolipoprotein E

BAEC:

Bovine aortic endothelial cells

CYP:

Cytochrome P450

DMA(V):

Dimethylarsinic acid

DMA(III):

Dimethylarsinous acids

HDL:

High-density lipoprotein cholesterol

HAEC:

Human aortic endothelial cells

HMEC-1:

Human microvessel-derived endothelial cell line

HUVEC:

Human umbilical vein endothelial cells

HNE:

4-Hydroxy-trans-2-nonenal

IL-6:

Interleukin-6

IL-8:

Interleukin-8

LDL:

Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol

MAPK:

Mitogen-activated protein kinase

MMA(V):

Monomethylarsonic acid

MMA(III):

Monomethylarsonous

MCP-1:

Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1

NOX:

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase

OxLDL:

Oxidation of the LDL

PAEC:

Porcine aortic endothelial cells

sICAM-1:

Soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1

sVCAM-1:

Soluble vascular adhesion molecule-1

TNF-α:

Tumor necrosis factor α

WHO:

World Health Organization

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank Mashhad University of Medical Sciences for financial support.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

    Soudabeh Balarastaghi, Fatemeh Yarmohammadi & Gholamreza Karimi

  2. International UNESCO Center for Health-Related Basic Sciences and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

    Ramin Rezaee

  3. Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

    Ramin Rezaee

  4. Center for Environmental Occupational Risk Analysis and Management, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA

    A. Wallace Hayes

  5. Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

    Gholamreza Karimi

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  1. Soudabeh Balarastaghi
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  2. Ramin Rezaee
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  3. A. Wallace Hayes
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  4. Fatemeh Yarmohammadi
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  5. Gholamreza Karimi
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Contributions

Gholamreza Karimi designed this study. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Soudabeh Balarastaghi. Gholamreza Karimi, Ramin Rezaee, A. Wallace Hayes, and Fatemeh Yarmohammadi edited the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Gholamreza Karimi.

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Balarastaghi, S., Rezaee, R., Hayes, A.W. et al. Mechanisms of Arsenic Exposure-Induced Hypertension and Atherosclerosis: an Updated Overview. Biol Trace Elem Res 201, 98–113 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-022-03153-2

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