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Phytochemical Analysis and Demonstration of Antioxidant, Antibacterial, and Antibiofilm Activities of Ethnomedicinal Plants of North East India

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Abstract

Ethnomedicinal plants are a rich reservoir of active compounds with potent pharmacological properties. Therefore, plants could serve as a source for the discovery of active antimicrobial and antioxidant agents and are focused because of their low toxicity, economic viability, easy availability, etc. In this regard, phytochemical analyses, viz. β-carotene, total sugar, reducing sugar, vitamin C, total carotenoids, protein, total phenolic content (TPC), and total flavonoid content (TFC) of 20 ethnomedicinal plants of North East India (NEI) were evaluated in this study. The antibacterial activity against human pathogens and antioxidant potential of plant extracts was also demonstrated. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC80), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), and total antibacterial activity (TAA) of the active extracts were evaluated against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Chromobacterium violaceum. The active extracts were also examined for antibiofilm as well as anti-pyocyanin activities against P. aeruginosa and anti-QS activity against C. violaceum at sub-MICs. The study demonstrated variable concentration of phytochemicals of the extracts, viz. β-carotene (0.29–8.91 mg g−1), total sugar (2.92–30.6 mM), reducing sugar (0.44–14.5 mM), vitamin C (8.41–31.3 mg g−1), total carotenoids (14.9–267.0 mg g−1), protein (5.65–283 mg g−1), TPC (5.32–31.0 mg GAE/g DW), and TFC (1.74–68.2 mg QE/g DW). The plant extracts also exhibited potent antioxidant and antibacterial activities against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Some of the extracts also demonstrated significant biofilm inhibition and eradication, anti-pyocyanin, and anti-QS activities at sub-MICs. The selected ethnomedicinal plants are rich in phytochemicals and demonstrated potent antioxidant, antibacterial, and antibiofilm activities, thus could serve as the important source of novel antioxidant and antimicrobial agents.

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Data Availability

The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Abbreviations

TPC:

Total phenolic content

TFC:

Total flavonoid content

MIC:

Minimum inhibitory concentration

MBC:

Minimum bactericidal concentration

TAA:

Total antibacterial activity

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

RSS:

Reactive sulphur species

RNS:

Reactive nitrogen species

ZOI:

Zone of inhibition

QS:

Quorum sensing

BSI:

Botanical Survey of India

DNS:

3,5-Dinitrosalicylic acid

DPPH:

1,1-Diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl assay

TCA:

Trichloroacetic acid

C6-AHL:

Hexonyl homoserine lactone

AHL:

Acyl homoserine lactone

EPS:

Extracellular polymeric substances

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Acknowledgements

The authors express their gratitude to Sophisticated Analytical Instrumentation Centre (SAIC) Tezpur University for SEM images and BSI Shillong, India, for the plant identification.

Funding

The authors are thankful to DBT for providing financial support via DBT NER Twinning Programme vide letter no. BT/PR16149/NER/95/85/ 2015 dated January 19, 2017. The authors are also thankful to Tezpur University for providing us financial support via memo no. DoRD/RIG/10–73/ 1362-A dated 19/02/2019 and DoRD/RIG/10–73/ 1592-A dated 07/01/2021.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Napaam, Tezpur, 784028, Assam, India

    Muzamil Ahmad Rather, Kuldeep Gupta & Manabendra Mandal

  2. Department of Life Sciences (Food Technology), Graphic Era (Deemed to be) University, Dehradun, 248002, Uttarakhand, India

    Arun Kumar Gupta

  3. Department of Food Engineering and Technology, Tezpur University, Napaam, Tezpur, 784028, Assam, India

    Arun Kumar Gupta & Poonam Mishra

  4. Environmental Biotechnology and Genomics Division (EBGD) CSIR-NEERI, Nagpur, 440020, India

    Asifa Qureshi

  5. Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, Delhi, India

    Asifa Qureshi

  6. Department of Veterinary Microbiology CVSc & AH, Central Agricultural University Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram, 796014, India

    Tapan Kumar Dutta

  7. Department of Veterinary Microbiology, West Bengal University of Animal & Fishery Sciences , 68, K. B. Sarani, Kolkata- , 700037, India

    Siddhartha Narayan Joardar

Authors
  1. Muzamil Ahmad Rather
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  2. Kuldeep Gupta
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  3. Arun Kumar Gupta
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  5. Asifa Qureshi
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  7. Siddhartha Narayan Joardar
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  8. Manabendra Mandal
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Contributions

Muzamil Ahmad Rather: conceptualization, methodology, conducted experiments, writing original draft, preparation, investigation, data analysis. Kuldeep Gupta, Arun Kumar Gupta: investigation. Poonam Mishra, Asifa Qureshi, Tapan Kumar Dutta, Siddhartha Narayan Joardar: review and editing. Manabendra Mandal: supervision, fund acquisition, investigation, project administration, review and editing. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Manabendra Mandal.

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Rather, M.A., Gupta, K., Gupta, A.K. et al. Phytochemical Analysis and Demonstration of Antioxidant, Antibacterial, and Antibiofilm Activities of Ethnomedicinal Plants of North East India. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 195, 3257–3294 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-022-04273-0

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