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The Effect of Dual Bioactive Compounds Artemisinin and Metformin Co-loaded in PLGA-PEG Nano-particles on Breast Cancer Cell lines: Potential Apoptotic and Anti-proliferative Action

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Abstract

The most prevalent malignancy among women is breast cancer. Phytochemicals and their derivatives are rapidly being recognized as possible cancer complementary therapies because they can modify signaling pathways that lead to cell cycle control or directly alter cell cycle regulatory molecules. The phytochemicals’ poor bioavailability and short half-life make them unsuitable as anticancer drugs. Applying PLGA-PEG NPs improves their solubility and tolerance while also reducing drug adverse effects. According to the findings, combining anti-tumor phytochemicals can be more effective in regulating several signaling pathways linked to tumor cell development. The point of the study was to compare the anti-proliferative impacts of combined artemisinin and metformin on cell cycle arrest and expression of cyclin D1 and apoptotic genes (bcl-2, Bax, survivin, caspase-7, and caspase-3), and also hTERT genes in breast cancer cells. T-47D breast cancer cells were treated with different concentrations of metformin (MET) and artemisinin (ART) co-loaded in PLGA-PEG NPs and free form. The MTT test was applied to assess drug cytotoxicity in T47D cells. The cell cycle distribution was investigated using flow cytometry and the expression levels of cyclin D1, hTERT, Bax, bcl-2, caspase-3, and caspase-7, and survivin genes were then determined using real-time PCR. The findings of the MTT test and flow cytometry revealed that each state was cytotoxic to T47D cells in a time and dose-dependent pattern. Compared to various state of drugs (free and nano state, pure and combination state) Met–Art–PLGA/PEG NPs demonstrated the strongest anti-proliferative impact and considerably inhibited the development of T-47D cells; also, treatment with nano-formulated forms of Met-Art combination resulted in substantial downregulation of hTERT, Bcl-2, cyclin D1, survivin, and upregulation of caspase-3, caspase-7, and Bax, in the cells, as compared to the free forms, as indicated by real-time PCR findings. The findings suggested that combining an ART/MET-loaded PLGA-PEG NP-based therapy for breast cancer could significantly improve treatment effectiveness.

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Data availability

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author, upon reasonable request.

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biology, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran

    Nasim Hassani

  2. Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran

    Davoud Jafari-Gharabaghlou

  3. Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran

    Mehdi Dadashpour

  4. Cancer Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran

    Mehdi Dadashpour

  5. Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul Aydin University, Istanbul, Turkey

    Nosratollah Zarghami

Authors
  1. Nasim Hassani
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  2. Davoud Jafari-Gharabaghlou
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  3. Mehdi Dadashpour
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  4. Nosratollah Zarghami
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Contributions

Writing — original draft preparation: Nasim Hassani and Davoud Jafari-gharabaghlou; editing: Mehdi dadashpour; conceptualization, supervision: Nosratollah Zarghami.

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Correspondence to Nosratollah Zarghami.

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Hassani, N., Jafari-Gharabaghlou, D., Dadashpour, M. et al. The Effect of Dual Bioactive Compounds Artemisinin and Metformin Co-loaded in PLGA-PEG Nano-particles on Breast Cancer Cell lines: Potential Apoptotic and Anti-proliferative Action. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 194, 4930–4945 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-022-04000-9

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-022-04000-9

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