Abstract
The thermal and mechanical stability of amphiphobic anti-corrosion coating is evaluated in this study. The coating was fabricated from functionalized nano Al2O3 and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and analyzed using FTIR, DSC, TGA, XRD, abrasion and cross-hatched adhesion test analyses. DSC and XRD revealed the presence of multiple crystalline phases of PVDF in the coating which eventually increased the crystallinity and melting temperature. The removal of the CFx chain from alkylsilane occurred at elevated temperatures, which decreased the repellent characteristic. Overall, the coating demonstrated good thermal stability until the temperature of 450°C with the ISO class 2 adhesion.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data and code availability
Not applicable.
References
Steele, A, Bayer, I, Loth, E, “Inherently Superoleophobic Nanocomposite Coatings by Spray Atomization.” Nano Lett., 9 (1) 501–505 (2009)
Wang, H, Liu, Z, Wang, E, Yuan, R, Gao, D, Zhang, X, Zhu, Y, “A Robust Superhydrophobic PVDF Composite Coating with Wear/Corrosion-Resistance Properties.” Appl. Surf. Sci., 332 518–524 (2015)
Xiong, D, Liu, G, Scott Duncan, EJ, “Robust Amphiphobic Coatings from Bi-functional Silica Particles on Flat Substrates.” Polymer, 54 (12) 3008–3016 (2013)
Wang, H, Gao, D, Meng, Y, Wang, H, Wang, E, Zhu, Y, “Corrosion-Resistance, Robust and Wear-Durable Highly Amphiphobic Polymer Based Composite Coating via a Simple Spraying Approach.” Prog. Org. Coat., 82 74–80 (2015)
Raimondo, M, Blosi, M, Caldarelli, A, Guarini, G, Veronesi, F, “Wetting Behavior and Remarkable Durability of Amphiphobic Aluminum Alloys Surfaces in a Wide Range of Environmental Conditions.” Chem. Eng. J., 258 101–109 (2014)
Xie, Q, Xu, J, Feng, L, Jiang, L, Tang, W, Luo, X, Han, CC, “Facile Creation of a Super-Amphiphobic Coating Surface with Bionic Microstructure.” Adv. Mater., 16 (4) 302–305 (2004)
Lovinger, AJ, “Poly(vinylidene fluoride).” In: Bassett, DC (ed.) Developments in Crystalline Polymers—1, pp. 195–273. Springer, Dordrecht (1982)
McKeen, LW, “11-Fluorinated Coatings: Technology, History, and Applications.” In: Ebnesajjad, S (ed.) Introduction to Fluoropolymers, pp. 231–276. William Andrew Publishing, Oxford (2013)
Inderherbergh, J, “Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) Appearance, General Properties and Processing.” Ferroelectrics, 115 (4) 295–302 (1991)
Salimi, A, Yousefi, AA, “Analysis Method: FTIR Studies of β-Phase Crystal Formation in Stretched PVDF Films.” Polym. Test., 22 (6) 699–704 (2003)
Lovinger, AJ, “Annealing of Poly(vinylidene fluoride) and Formation of a Fifth Phase.” Macromolecules, 15 (1) 40–44 (1982)
Cirisano, F, Benedetti, A, Liggieri, L, Ravera, F, Santini, E, Ferrari, M, “Amphiphobic Coatings for Antifouling in Marine Environment.” Colloids Surf. A: Physicochem. Eng. Aspects, 505 158–164 (2016)
Ghazali, N, Basirun, WJ, Mohammed Nor, A, Johan, MR, “Super-Amphiphobic Coating System Incorporating Functionalized Nano-Al2O3 in Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) with Enhanced Corrosion Resistance.” Coatings, 10 (4) 387 (2020)
Gregorio, R, Jr, “Determination of the α, β, and γ Crystalline Phases of Poly(vinylidene fluoride) Films Prepared at Different Conditions.” J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 100 (4) 3272–3279 (2006)
Boccaccio, T, Bottino, A, Capannelli, G, Piaggio, P, “Characterization of PVDF Membranes by Vibrational Spectroscopy.” J. Membr. Sci., 210 (2) 315–329 (2002)
Bachmann, MA, Gordon, WL, Koenig, JL, Lando, JB, “An Infrared Study of Phase-III Poly(vinylidene fluoride).” J. Appl. Phys., 50 (10) 6106–6112 (2008)
Gregorio, R, Jr, Cestari, M, “Effect of Crystallization Temperature on the Crystalline Phase Content and Morphology of Poly(vinylidene fluoride).” J. Polym. Sci. Part B: Polym. Phys., 32 (5) 859–870 (1994)
Ke, K, Pötschke, P, Jehnichen, D, Fischer, D, Voit, B, “Achieving β-Phase Poly(vinylidene fluoride) from Melt Cooling: Effect of Surface Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes.” Polymer, 55 (2) 611–619 (2014)
Li, L, Zhang, M, Rong, M, Ruan, W, “Studies on the Transformation Process of PVDF From α to β Phase by Stretching.” RSC Adv., 4 (8) 3938–3943 (2014)
Martins, P, Lopes, AC, Lanceros-Mendez, S, “Electroactive Phases of Poly(vinylidene fluoride): Determination, Processing and Applications.” Prog. Polym. Sci., 39 (4) 683–706 (2014)
Silverstein, RM, Bassler, GC, “Spectrometric Identification of Organic Compounds.” J. Chem. Educ., 39 (11) 546 (1962)
Betz, N, Le Moël, A, Balanzat, E, Ramillon, JM, Lamotte, J, Gallas, JP, Jaskierowicz, G, “A FTIR Study of PVDF Irradiated by Means of Swift Heavy Ions.” J. Polym. Sci. Part B: Polym. Phys., 32 (8) 1493–1502 (1994)
Gregorio, R, CapitãO, RC, “Morphology and Phase Transition of High Melt Temperature Crystallized Poly(vinylidene fluoride).” J. Mater. Sci., 35 (2) 299–306 (2000)
Lanceros-Méndez, S, Mano, JF, Costa, AM, Schmidt, VH, “FTIR and DSC Studies of Mechanically Deformed β-PVDF Films.” J. Macromol. Sci. Part B, 40 (3–4) 517–527 (2001)
Kujawa, J, Kujawski, W, Koter, S, Rozicka, A, Cerneaux, S, Persin, M, Larbot, A, “Efficiency of Grafting of Al2O3, TiO2 and ZrO2 Powders by Perfluoroalkylsilanes.” Colloids Surf. A: Physicochem. Eng. Aspects, 420 64–73 (2013)
Mohammadi, B, Yousefi, AA, Bellah, SM, “Effect of Tensile Strain Rate and Elongation on Crystalline Structure and Piezoelectric Properties of PVDF Thin Films.” Polym. Test., 26 (1) 42–50 (2007)
Suresh, G, Jatav, S, Mallikarjunachari, G, Rao, MSR, Ghosh, P, Satapathy, DK, “Influence of Microstructure on the Nanomechanical Properties of Polymorphic Phases of Poly(vinylidene fluoride).” J. Phys. Chem. B, 122 (36) 8591–8600 (2018)
Liu, Y, Sun, Y, Zeng, F, Chen, Y, Li, Q, Yu, B, Liu, W, “Morphology, Crystallization, Thermal, and Mechanical Properties of Poly(vinylidene fluoride) Films Filled with Different Concentrations of Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane.” Polym. Eng. Sci., 53 (7) 1364–1373 (2013)
Thongsanitgarn, P, Watcharapasorn, A, Jiansirisomboon, S, “Electrical and Mechanical Properties of PZT/PVDF 0–3 Composites.” Surf. Rev. Lett., 17 (01) 1–7 (2010)
Nakagawa, K, Ishida, Y, “Annealing Effects in Poly(vinylidene fluoride) as Revealed by Specific Volume Measurements, Differential Scanning Calorimetry, and Electron Microscopy.” J. Polym. Sci. Polym. Phys. Ed., 11 (11) 2153–2171 (1973)
Yan, L, Li, YS, Xiang, CB, Xianda, S, “Effect of Nano-sized Al2O3-Particle Addition on PVDF Ultrafiltration Membrane Performance.” J. Membr. Sci., 276 (1) 162–167 (2006)
Liu, F, Abed, MRM, Li, K, “Preparation and Characterization of Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) Based Ultrafiltration Membranes Using Nano γ-Al2O3.” J. Membr. Sci., 366 (1) 97–103 (2011)
Prest, WM, Jr, Luca, DJ, “The Morphology and Thermal Response of High-Temperature–Crystallized Poly(vinylidene fluoride).” J. Appl. Phys., 46 (10) 4136–4143 (2008)
Lin, D-J, Chang, C-L, Huang, F-M, Cheng, L-P, “Effect of Salt Additive on the Formation of Microporous Poly(vinylidene fluoride) Membranes by Phase Inversion from LiClO4/Water/DMF/PVDF System.” Polymer, 44 (2) 413–422 (2003)
Nguyen, T, “Degradation of Poly[vinyl Fluoride] and Poly[vinylidene Fluoride].” J. Macromol. Sci. Part C, 25 (2) 227–275 (1985)
Lovinger, A, Reed, D, “Inhomogeneous Thermal Degradation of Poly(vinylidene fluoride) Crystallized from the Melt.” Macromolecules, 13 (4) 989–994 (1980)
Kujawa, J, Cerneaux, S, Kujawski, W, “Characterization of the surface modification process of Al2O3, TiO2 and ZrO2 powders by PFAS molecules.” Colloids Surf. A: Physicochem. Eng. Aspects, 447 14–22 (2014)
Fréchette, J, Maboudian, R, Carraro, C, “Thermal Behavior of Perfluoroalkylsiloxane Monolayers on the Oxidized Si(100) Surface.” Langmuir, 22 (6) 2726–2730 (2006)
Knudsen, OØ, Forsgren, A, Corrosion Control Through Organic Coatings. CRC Press, Boca Raton (2017)
Kumar, D, Li, L, Chen, Z, “Mechanically Robust Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) Based Superhydrophobic Coatings for Self-cleaning Applications.” Prog. Org. Coat., 101 385–390 (2016)
Bayram, TC, Orbey, N, Adhikari, RY, Tuominen, M, “FP-Based Formulations as Protective Coatings in Oil/Gas Pipelines.” Prog. Org. Coat., 88 54–63 (2015)
Acknowledgments
This work was financially supported by University of Malaya Postgraduate research fund [PG165-2015B] and Nanocat RU Grant 2020 [RU001-2020]. The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
NG contributed to conceptualization; NG contributed to formal analysis; NG and FAR contributed to methodology; WJB and MRJ contributed to supervision; NG, WJB, AMN and MRJ contributed to validation; NG contributed to writing—original draft; WJB, AMN and MRJ contributed to writing—review & editing.
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Supplementary information
Not applicable.
Ethical approval
Not applicable.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Ghazali, N., Basirun, W.J., Mohammed Nor, A. et al. Corrosion-resistant super-amphiphobic (PVDF-fnAl2O3) coating with thermal and mechanical stability. J Coat Technol Res 21, 589–599 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11998-023-00840-0
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11998-023-00840-0