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Osteoimmunology in Periodontitis and Orthodontic Tooth Movement

  • CRANIOFACIAL SKELETON (TG CHU AND S AKINTOYE, SECTION EDITORS)
  • Published:
Current Osteoporosis Reports Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Purpose of Review

To review the role of the immune cells and their interaction with cells found in gingiva, periodontal ligament, and bone that leads to net bone loss in periodontitis or bone remodeling in orthodontic tooth movement.

Recent Findings

Periodontal disease is one of the most common oral diseases causing inflammation in the soft and hard tissues of the periodontium and is initiated by bacteria that induce a host response. Although the innate and adaptive immune response function cooperatively to prevent bacterial dissemination, they also play a major role in gingival inflammation and destruction of the connective tissue, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone characteristic of periodontitis. The inflammatory response is triggered by bacteria or their products that bind to pattern recognition receptors that induce transcription factor activity to stimulate cytokine and chemokine expression. Epithelial, fibroblast/stromal, and resident leukocytes play a key role in initiating the host response and contribute to periodontal disease. Single-cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) experiments have added new insight into the roles of various cell types in the response to bacterial challenge. This response is modified by systemic conditions such as diabetes and smoking. In contrast to periodontitis, orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) is a sterile inflammatory response induced by mechanical force. Orthodontic force application stimulates acute inflammatory responses in the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone stimulated by cytokines and chemokines that produce bone resorption on the compression side. On the tension side, orthodontic forces induce the production of osteogenic factors, stimulating new bone formation. A number of different cell types, cytokines, and signaling/pathways are involved in this complex process.

Summary

Inflammatory and mechanical force-induced bone remodeling involves bone resorption and bone formation. The interaction of leukocytes with host stromal cells and osteoblastic cells plays a key role in both initiating the inflammatory events as well as inducing a cellular cascade that results in remodeling in orthodontic tooth movement or in tissue destruction in periodontitis.

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Funding

This work was supported by the Biomedical Research Award from the American Association of Orthodontists Foundation (HHJ) and a grant R01DE017732 and R01DE021921 from the NIDCR (DTG).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Endodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA

    Bushra Alghamdi

  2. Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, 19104, Philadelphia, USA

    Bushra Alghamdi, Alyssia Liu, Julie J. Hong, Mamoon Ali, Albert Wang, Michael Troka & Dana T. Graves

  3. Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Taibah University, Medina, 42353, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

    Bushra Alghamdi

  4. Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA

    Hyeran Helen Jeon

  5. Department of Periodontics, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China

    Jia Ni

  6. Department of Neurology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China

    Dongxu Qiu

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  1. Bushra Alghamdi
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Alghamdi, B., Jeon, H.H., Ni, J. et al. Osteoimmunology in Periodontitis and Orthodontic Tooth Movement. Curr Osteoporos Rep 21, 128–146 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11914-023-00774-x

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