Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Current and Emerging Therapies for IgE-Mediated Food Allergy

  • Food Allergy (T Green, Section Editor)
  • Published:
Current Allergy and Asthma Reports Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Food allergies are a growing clinical problem leading to increased health care utilization and decreases in patient quality of life. Current treatment recommendations include strict dietary avoidance of the offending food as well as use of self-injectable epinephrine in case of accidental exposure with allergic reaction. Although many individuals will eventually outgrow their food allergies, a substantial number will not. Significant effort has been made to find novel treatments that protect patients from food-triggered reactions as well as to develop immune-modulating therapies that could lead to tolerance. In this review, three therapies that have shown the most promise for the treatment of food allergies are highlighted: oral immunotherapy, sublingual immunotherapy, and epicutaneous immunotherapy.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

Papers of particular interest, published recently, have been highlighted as: • Of importance

  1. Branum AM, Lukacs SL. Food allergy among children in the United States. Pediatrics. 2009;124:1549–55.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Patel DA, Holdford DA, Edwards E, Carroll NV. Estimating the economic burden of food-induced allergic reactions and anaphylaxis in the United States. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011;128:110–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Cummings AJ, Knibb RC, King RM, Lucas JS. The psychosocial impact of food allergy and food hypersensitivity in children, adolescents and their families: a review. Allergy. 2010;65:933–45.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Boyce JAC, Assa’ad A, Burks AW, Jones SM, Sampson HA, Wood RA, et al. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of food allergy in the United States: report of the NIAID-sponsored expert panel. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010;126(Suppl):S1–58.5.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. Boyano-Martinez T, Garcia-Ara C, Pedrosa M, Diaz-Pena JM, Quirce S. Accidental allergic reactions in children allergic to cow’s milk proteins. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009;123:883–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Fleischer DM, Perry TT, Atkins D, Wood RA, Burks AW, Jones SM, et al. Allergic reactions to foods in preschool-aged children in a prospective observational food allergy study. Pediatrics. 2012;130:e25–32.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  7. Bock SA, Munoz-Furlong A, Sampson HA. Fatalities due to anaphylactic reactions to food. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001;107:191–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Skripak JM, Nash SD, Rowley H, Brereton NH, Oh S, Hamilton RG, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of milk oral immunotherapy for cow’s milk allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008;122:1154–60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  9. Pajno GB, Caminiti L, Ruggeri P, De Luca R, Vita D, La Rosa M, et al. Oral immunotherapy for cow’s milk allergy with a weekly up-dosing regimen: a randomized single-blind controlled study. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2010;105:376–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Martorell A, De la Hoz B, Ibanez I, Bone J, Terrados MS, Michavila A, et al. Oral desensitization as a useful treatment in 2-year-old children with cow’s milk allergy. Clin Exp Allergy. 2011;41:1297–304.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Keet CA, Frischmeyer-Guerrerio PA, Thyagarajan A, Schroeder JT, Hamilton RG, Boden S, et al. The safety and efficacy of sublingual and oral immunotherapy for milk allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2012;129:448–55.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. Salmivesi S, Korppi M, Makela MJ, Paassilta M. Milk oral immunotherapy is effective in school-aged children. Acta Paediatr. 2013;102:172–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Burks AW, Jones SM, Wood RA, Fleischer DM, Sicherer SH, Lindblad RW, et al. Oral immunotherapy for treatment of egg allergy in children. N Engl J Med. 2012;367:233–43. One of the first multicenter trials to demonstrate sustained unresponsiveness development following treatment with OIT.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. Varshney P, Jones SM, Scurlock AM, Perry TT, Kemper A, Steele P, et al. A randomized controlled study of peanut oral immunotherapy: clinical desensitization and modulation of the immune response. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011;127:654–60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  15. Blumchen K, Ulbricht H, Staden U, Dobberstein K, Beschorner J, de Camargo Lopes Oliveira L, et al. Oral peanut immunotherapy in children with peanut anaphylaxis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010;126:83–91.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Anagnostou K, Islam S, King Y, Foley L, Pasea L, Bond S, et al. Assessing the efficacy of oral immunotherapy for the desensitization of peanut allergy in children (STOP II): a phase 2 randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2014;383:1297–304.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  17. Gupta RS, Springston EE, Warrier MR, Smith B, Kumar R, Pongracic J, et al. The prevalence, severity, and distribution of childhood food allergy in the United States. Pediatrics. 2011;128:e9–e17.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Begin P, Winterroth LC, Dominguez T, Wilson SP, Bacal L, Mehrota A, et al. Safety and feasibility of oral immunotherapy to multiple allergens for food allergy. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol. 2014;10:1.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  19. Vickery BP, Scurlock AM, Kulis M, Steele PM, Kamilaris J, Berglund JP, et al. Sustained unresponsiveness to peanut in subjects who have completed peanut oral immunotherapy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014;133:468–75.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Jones SM, Burks AW, Keet C, Vickery BP, Scurlock AM, Wood RA, et al. Long-Term Treatment with Egg Oral Immunotherapy Enhances Sustained Unresponsiveness That Persists after Cessation of Therapy; JACI 2016: In press.

  21. Caminiti L, Pajno GB, Crisafulli G, Chiera F, Collura M, Panasci G, et al. Oral immunotherapy for egg allergy: a double-blind placebo-controlled study, with postdesensitization follow-up. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2015;3:532–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Paassilta M, Salmivesi S, Mäki T, Helminen M, Korppi M. Children who were treated with oral immunotherapy for cows’ milk allergy showed long-term desensitization seven years later. Acta Paediatr 2015; in press. This study highlights the long-term effectiveness of treatment with OIT for milk allergy. Results indicate the OIT is effective long-term and that the side effect profile improves over time.

  23. Keet CA, Seopaul S, Knorr S, Narisety S, Skripak JM, Wood RA. Long-term follow-up of oral immunotherapy for cow’s milk allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2013;3:737–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Thyagarajan A, Jones SM, Calatroni A, Pons L, Kulis M, Woo CS, et al. Evidence of pathway-specific basophil anergy induced by peanut oral immunotherapy in peanut-allergic children. Clin Exp Allergy. 2012;42:1197–205.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  25. Vickery BP, Lin J, Kulis M, Fu Z, Steele PH, Jones SM. Peanut oral immuotherapy modifies IgE and IgG4 response to major peanut allergens. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2013;131:128–34.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. Begin P, Nadeau KC. Changes in peanut-specific T-cell clonotype with oral immunotherapy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2015;135:1636–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Jones SM, Pons L, Roberts JL, Scurlock AM, Perry TT, Kulis M, et al. Clinical efficacy and immune regulation with peanut oral immunotherapy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009;124:292–300.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  28. Syed A, Garcia MA, Lyu SC, Bucayu R, Kohli A, Ishida S, et al. Peanut oral immunotherapy results in increased antigen-induced regulator T-cell function and hypomethylation of forkhead box protein 3 (FOXP3). J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014;133:500–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  29. Gorelik M, Narisety SD, Guerrerio AL, Chichester KL, Keet CA, Bieneman AP, et al. Suppression of the immunologic response to peanut during oral immunotherapy is often transient. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2015;135:1283–92. This study provides insight into the mechanisms of OIT for peanut allergy, especially during desensitization. Although OIT is successful for desensitization and inducing sustained unresponsiveness, long-term tolerance remains elusive.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Vickery BP, Pons L, Kulis M, Steele P, Jones SM, Burks AW. Individualized IgE-based dosing of egg oral immunotherapy and the development of tolerance. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2010;105:444–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  31. Escudero C, Rodriguez del Rio P, Sanchez-Garcia S, Perez-Rangel I, Perez-Farinos N, Garcia-Fernandez C, et al. Early sustained unresponsiveness after short-course egg oral immunotherapy: a randomized controlled study in egg-allergic children. Clin Exp Allergy. 2015;45:1833–43.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Kuitunen M, Englund H, Remes S, Moverare R, Pelkonen A, Borres MP, et al. High IgE levels to α-lactalbumin, β-lactoglobulin, and casein predict less successful cow’s milk oral immunotherapy. Allergy. 2015;70:955–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Hofmann AM, Scurlock AM, Jones SM, Palmer KP, Lokhnygina Y, Steele PH, et al. Safety of a peanut oral immunotherapy protocol in children with peanut allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009;124:286–91.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  34. Vickery BP, Scurlock AM, Steele P, Kamilaris J, Hiegel A, Carlisle S, et al. Early and persistent gastrointestinal side effects predict withdrawal from peanut oral immunotherapy (OIT) [abstract]. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011;126:AB87.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Varshney P, Steele PH, Vickery BP, Bird JA, Thyagarajan A, Scurlock AM, et al. Adverse reactions during peanut oral immunotherapy home dosing. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009;124:1351–2.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  36. Elizur A, Goldberg MR, Levy MB, Nachshon L, Katz Y. Oral immunotherapy in cow’s milk allergic patients: course and long-term outcome according to asthma status. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2015;114:240–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Vazquez-Ortiz M, Alvaro M, Piquer M, Dominguez O, Machinena A, Martin-Mateos A, et al. Baseline specific IgE levels are useful to predict safety of oral immunotherapy in egg-allergic children. Clin Exp Allergy. 2013;44:130–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Levy MB, Elizur A, Goldberg MR, Nachshon L, Katz Y. Clinical predictors for favorable outcome in an oral immunotherapy for IgE-mediated cow’s milk allergy. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2014;112:58–63. Identification of risk factors associated with adverse outcomes is important during OIT treatment. This study highlights several clinical factors that were associated with improved outcomes during OIT treatment for milk allergy.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Vazquez-Ortiz M, Alvaro-Lozano M, Alsina L, Garcia-Paba B, Piquer-Gilbert M, Giner-Munoz M, et al. Safety and predictors of adverse events during oral immunotherapy for milk allergy: severity of reaction at oral challenge, specific IgE and prick test. Clin Exp Allergy. 2012;43:91–102.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Elizur A, Appel MY, Goldberg MR, Yichie T, Levy MB, Nachshon L, et al. Clinical and laboratory 2-year outcome of oral immunotherapy in patients with cow’s milk allergy. Allergy 2015; in press.

  41. Lucendo AJ, Arias A, Tenias JM. Relation between eosinophilic esophagitis and oral immunotherapy for food allergy: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2014;113:624–9. An important analysis regarding the development of EoE with food allergy treatment.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Brozek JL, Terracciano L, Hsu J, Kreis J, Compalati E, Santesso N, et al. Oral immunotherapy for IgE-mediated cow’s milk allergy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Exp Allergy. 2012;42:363–74.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Fisher HR, du Toit G, Lack G. Specific oral tolerance induction in food allergic children: is oral desensitization more effective than allergen avoidance? a meta-analysis of published RCTs. Arch Dis Child. 2011;96:259–64.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Nurmatov U, Devereux G, Worth A, Healy L, Sheikh A. Effectiveness and safety of orally administered immunotherapy for food allergies: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Nutr. 2013;111:12–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Yeung JP, Kloda LA, McDevitt J, Ben-Shoshan M, Alizandehfar R. Oral immunotherapy for milk allergy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012; CD009542.

  46. Nowak-Wegrzyn A, Bloom KA, Sicherer SH, Shreffler WG, Noone S, Wanich N, et al. Tolerance to extensively heated milk in children with cow’s milk allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008;122:342–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Lemon-Mule H, Sampson HA, Sicherer SH, Shreffler WG, Noone S, Nowak-Wegrzyn A. Immunologic changes in children with egg allergy ingesting extensively heated egg. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008;122:977–83.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Kim JS, Nowak-Wegrzyn A, Sicherer SH, Noone S, Mosheir EL, Sampson HA. Dietary baked milk accelerates the resolution of cow’s milk allergy in children. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011;128:125–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  49. Nadeau KC, Schneider LC, Hoyte L, Borras I, Umetsu DT. Rapid oral desensitization in combination with omalizumab therapy in patients with cow’s milk allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011;127:1622–4.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  50. Schneider LC, Rachid R, Lebovidge J, Blood E, Mittal M, Umetsu DT. A pilot study of omalizumab to facilitate rapid oral desensitization in high-risk peanut-allergic patients. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2013;132:1368–74.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  51. Wood RA, Kim JS, Lindblad R, Nadeau K, Henning AK, Dawson P, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of omalizumab combined with oral immunotherapy for the treatment of cow’s milk allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; in press.

  52. Sampson HA, Leung DY, Burks AW, Lack G, Bahna SL, Jones SM, et al. A phase II, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled oral food challenge trial of Xolair (omalizumab) in peanut allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011;127:1309–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Wilson DR, Lima MT, Durham SR. Sublingual immunotherapy for allergic rhinitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Allergy. 2005;60:4–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Cox L. Sublingual immunotherapy for aeroallergens: status in the United States. Allergy Asthma Proc. 2014;35:34–42. A comprehensive review of SLIT with a focus on aeroallergens. Includes discussion of practical considerations that may impact the use of SLIT for food allergy.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Allam JP, Wurtzen PA, Reinartz M, Winter J, Vrtala S, Chen KW, et al. Phl p 5 resorption in human oral mucosa leads to a dose-dependent and time-dependent allergen binding by oral mucosal Langerhans cells, attenuates their maturation, and enhances their migratory and TGF-beta 1 and IL-10 producing properties. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010;126:638–45.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Moingeon P. Update on immune mechanisms associated with sublingual immunotherapy: practical implications for the clinician. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2013;1:228–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Mempel M, Rakowski J, Ring J, Ollert M. Severe anaphylaxis to kiwi fruit: immunologic changes related to successful allergen immunotherapy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007;119:507–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Kerzl R, Simonowa A, Ring J, Ollert M, Mempel M. Life-threatening anaphylaxis to kiwi fruit: protective sublingual allergen immunotherapy effect persists even after discontinuation. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007;119:507–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Enrique E, Pineda F, Malek T, Bartra J, Basagana M, Tella R, et al. Sublingual immunotherapy for hazelnut food allergy: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study with a standardized hazelnut extract. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005;116:1073–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Fernandez-Rivas M, Garrido Fernandez S, Nadal JA, de Alonso Diaz Durana MD, Garcia BE, Gonzalez-Mancebo E, et al. Randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of sublingual immunotherapy with a Pru p 3 quantified peach extract. Allergy. 2009;64:876–83.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Fleischer DM, Burks AW, Vickery BP, Scurlock AM, Wood RA, Jones SM, et al. Sublingual immunotherapy for peanut allergy: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2013;131:119–27.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  62. Kim EH, Bird JA, Kulis M, Laubach S, Pons L, Shreffler W, et al. Sublingual immunotherapy for peanut allergy: clinical and immunologic evidence of desensitization. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011;127:640–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  63. Burks AW, Wood RA, Jones SM, Sicherer SH, Fleischer DM, Scurlock AM, et al. Sublingual immunotherapy for peanut allergy: long-term follow-up of a randomized multicenter trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2015;135:1240–8. Long-term follow-up of the first multicenter controlled trial for use of SLIT in the treatment of peanut allergy. Provides unique data regarding efficacy, adverse reactions, and efficacy.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Makatsori M, Scadding GW, Lombardo C, Bisoffi G, Ridolo E, Durham SR, et al. Dropouts in sublingual allergen immunotherapy trials—a systematic review. Allergy. 2014;69:571–80.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Senna G, Lombardi C, Canonica GW, Passalacqua G. How adherent to sublingual immunotherapy prescriptions are patients? The manufacturers’ viewpoint. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010;126:668–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Narisety SD, Frischmeyer-Guerrerio PA, Keet CA, Gorelik M, Schroeder J, Hamilton RG, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study of sublingual versus oral immunotherapy for the treatment of peanut allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2015;135:1275–82. An excellent, randomized study with direct comparison between SLIT and OIT. Results included efficacy, development of sustained unresponsiveness, and associated immunologic changes.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Benhamou PH, Dioszeghy V, Puteaux E, Ligouis M, Dhelft V, Plaquet C, et al. Long-term protection against new sensitization after milk-EPIT in mice sensitized to milk is mediated by Tregs [abstract]. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014;133(Suppl):AB47.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. Dioszeghy V, Mondoulet L, Dhelft V, Ligouis M, Puteaux E, Plaquet C, et al. Epicutaneous immunotherapy-induced regulatory T cells could migrate to more various sites of allergen exposure compared to sublingual or subcutaneous immunotherapy in mice sensitized to peanut [abstract]. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014;133(Suppl):AB48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. Dioszeghy V, Mondoulet L, Dhelft V. Protection from oral peanut-induced esophageal lesions in sensitized mice treated by epicutaneous immunotherapy is mediated by CD25 + CD4+ Tregs [abstract]. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2012;129:AB114.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. Dioszeghy V, Mondoulet L, Dhelft V. Long-term maintenance of regulator T cells induced by specific epicutaneous vs sublingual immunotherapy in mice sensitized to peanut [abstract]. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2013;68:S97.

    Google Scholar 

  71. Mondoulet L, Tost J, Puteaux E, Ligouis M, Dhelft V, Benhamou PH. Epigenetic changes following epicutaneous immunotherapy in peanut sensitized mice [abstract]. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2015;135.

  72. Dupont C, Kalach N, Soulaines P, Legoue-Morillon S, Piloquet H, Benhamou PH. Cow’s milk epicutanous immunotherapy in children: a pilot trial of safety, acceptability, and impact on allergic reactivity. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010;125:1165–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Jones SM, Agbotounou WK, Fleischer DM, Burks AW, Pesek RD, Harris MW, et al. Safety of epicutaneous immunotherapy for the treatment of peanut allergy: A phase 1 study using Viaskin® patch. JACI 2016: In press.

  74. Dupont C, Bourrier T, de Blay F, Guenard-Bibault L, Sauvage C, Cousin M-O, et al. Peanut epicutanous immunotherapy (EPIT) in peanut-allergic children: 18 months treatment in the ARACHILD study [abstract]. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014;133(Suppl):AB102.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  75. Sampson HA, Agbotounou W, Thebault C, Ruban C, Martin L, Sussman GL, et al. Enhanced efficacy and confirmed safety of a two-year epicutaneous immunotherapy (EPIT) treatment of peanut allergy with Viaskin® peanut: the continuation of the Vipes Phase IIb randomized controlled trial (RCT) [abstract]. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2016;137:AB408.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  76. Oppenheimer JJ, Nelson HS, Bock SA, Christensen F, Leung DY. Treatment of peanut allergy with rush immunotherapy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1992;90:256–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Nelson HS, Lahr J, Rule R, Bock A, Leung D. Treatment of anaphylactic sensitivity to peanuts by immunotherapy with injections of aqueous peanut extract. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1997;99:744–51.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Li XM, Srivastava K, Grishin A, Huang CK, Schofield B, Burks AW, et al. Persistent protective effect of heat-killed Escherichia coli producing “engineered”, recombinant peanut proteins in a murine model of peanut allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2003;112:159–67.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Li XM, Srivastava K, Huleatt JW, Bottomly K, Burks AW, Sampson HA. Engineered recombinant peanut protein and heat-killed Listeria monocytogenes coadministration protects against peanut-induced anaphylaxis in a murine model. J Immunol. 2003;170:3289–95.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Li X, Huang CK, Schofield BH, et al. Strain-dependent induction of allergic sensitization caused by peanut allergen DNA immunization in mice. J Immunol. 1999;162:3045–52.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Srivastava K, Li XM, Bannon GA, et al. Investigation of the use of ISS-linked Ara h2 for the treatment of peanut-induced allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001;107(suppl):S233.

    Google Scholar 

  82. Wood RA, Sicherer SH, Burks AW, Grishin A, Henning AK, Lindblad R, et al. A phase 1 study of heat/phenol-killed, E. coli-encapsulated, recombinant modified peanut proteins Ara h 1, Ara h 2, and Ara h 3 (EMP-123) for the treatment of peanut allergy. Allergy. 2013;68:803–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  83. Bauer RN, Manohar M, Singh AM, Jay DC, Nadeau KC. The future of biologics: applications for food allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2015;135:312–23. An excellent, comprehensive review of various biologics used in food allergy. Included is a review of immunologic changes associated with food allergy that is useful for understanding the approaches for food allergy treatment.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Senti G, Kundig TM. Intralymphatic immunotherapy. World Allergy Organ J. 2015;8:9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Allergy/Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Arkansas Children’s Hospital, 13 Children’s Way, Slot 512-13, Little Rock, AR, 72202, USA

    Robbie D. Pesek & Stacie M. Jones

Authors
  1. Robbie D. Pesek
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Stacie M. Jones
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Robbie D. Pesek.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

Dr. Pesek declares no conflict of interest. Dr. Jones reports grants from NIH-NIAID, FARE-Food Allergy Research Education, Allergy Research Corporation, DBV Technologies, and National Peanut Board; personal fees from FARE-Food Allergy Research Education, Stallergenes, Kansas City Allergy Society, Mercy Children’s Hospital, Riley Children’s Hospital, Southwestern Medical School-Children’s Medical Center, European Academy of Allergy & Clinical Immunology; New York Allergy & Asthma Society; Iowa Society of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology, and University of Iowa, Paul M. Seebohm Lectureship in Allergy.

Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent

This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.

Additional information

This article is part of the Topical Collection on Food Allergy

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Pesek, R.D., Jones, S.M. Current and Emerging Therapies for IgE-Mediated Food Allergy. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 16, 28 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11882-016-0610-0

Download citation

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11882-016-0610-0

Keywords

Search

Navigation