Abstract
Road traffic is a major source of airborne particles. While exhaust emissions have been deeply scrutinised, non-exhaust emissions deserved less attention despite their rising contribution to particle emissions from traffic. The mutagenicity of particulate matter (PM10) samples from wear between pavements and tyres and from road dust resuspension was determined by the Ames test with two Salmonella typhimurium strains (TA98 and TA100) with or without metabolic activation. After sequential extraction of PM10 samples in dichloromethane and methanol, the extracts were separated via flash chromatography and the subfraction that contained polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAHs) was used in the assays. Additionally, the samples were analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The analysed extracts contained predominantly high molecular weight PAHs with varying concentrations. The non-exhaust traffic-related source samples did not reveal mutagenic potential at the doses examined. Given the compositional complexity of the samples, aggregating multiple metals and organic compounds of different polarities, an integrated assessment of the toxicity of non-exhaust particles should include other in vitro toxicity assays.
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Data availability
The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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Funding
This study was financially supported by the project “SOPRO: Chemical and toxicological SOurce PROfiling of particulate matter in urban air”, POCI-01–0145-FEDER-029574, funded by FEDER, through COMPETE2020—Programa Operacional Competitividade e Internacionalização (POCI), and by national funds (OE), through FCT/MCTES. Estela Vicente and Daniela Figueiredo acknowledge, respectively, the grants SFRH/BD/117993/2016 and 2020.06414.BD from the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT). Ana Vicente is subsidised by national funds (OE), through FCT, I.P., in the scope of the framework contract foreseen in the numbers 4, 5 and 6 of the article 23, of the Decree-Law 57/2016, of August 29, changed by Law 57/2017, of July 19. We are also grateful for the support to CESAM (UIDB/50017/2020 and UIDP/50017/2020) to FCT/MCTES through national funds, and co-funding by FEDER, within the PT2020 Partnership Agreement and Compete 2020.
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Estela Domingos Vicente: investigation, formal analysis, writing — original draft; Isabel Lopes: conceptualisation, formal analysis, writing — review and editing; Daniela Figueiredo: investigation, formal analysis, writing — review and editing; Cátia Gonçalves: investigation, writing — review and editing; Ana Vicente: investigation, writing — review and editing; Célia Alves: project administration, funding acquisition, supervision, writing — original draft.
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Vicente, E.D., Lopes, I., Figueiredo, D. et al. Mutagenicity of PM10-bound PAHs from non-exhaust sources. Air Qual Atmos Health 15, 657–665 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-021-01140-5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-021-01140-5