Microwave-Assisted Carbothermic Reduction of Discarded Rare Earth Magnets for Recovery of Neodymium and Iron Values

Abstract

Neodymium-iron-boron (NdFeB) waste magnets consist of approximately 28% rare earth values in the form of the Nd₂Fe₁₄B phase. According to the results, carbothermic reduction through microwave irradiation of crushed magnets was observed to be promising for the separation of metallic iron and rare earth values. The effect of microwave exposure time and charcoal addition on the formation of different phases was evaluated. Carbothermic reduction (10% C) for 1.2 min raised the temperature of the sample to 990°C and resulted in the formation of iron balls with more than 85% purity. Higher exposure time favors the formation of the NdFeO₃ phase, thereby encapsulating the rare earths, resulting in limited dissociation. Rare earth oxides with purity of more than 98% were recovered via a leaching and precipitation route. The microwave route was found to be superior to the conventional muffle furnace heating route with low energy consumption and metallic iron formation.