Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Simulation-Based Analysis of Appointment Scheduling System in Healthcare Services: A Critical Review

  • Review Article
  • Published:
Archives of Computational Methods in Engineering Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This review paper investigates the healthcare' simulation appointment scheduling system (SASS). It primarily aims to highlight critical appointment scheduling challenges and outline the most prominent research topics. This critical review also intends to provide a comprehensive summary of these works, revealing progress achieved on the topic while highlighting potential concerns in healthcare that can be modeled via simulation. In total, 350 articles published in the period 2000–2021 in the Web of Science database were collected; 250 articles were chosen for review. Several approaches are discovered using the keyword SASS analysis, with four simulation approaches central to the research subject and deserving additional consideration. Finally, this study indicates that future research should focus on improving the efficiency of simulation optimization methods by reducing their time cost and increasing satisfaction.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

ABS:

Agent-based simulation

AI:

Artificial intelligence

AS:

Appointment scheduling

DES:

Discrete event simulation

GA:

Genetic algorithm

HA:

Heuristic algorithm

HSM:

Hybrid simulation model

MCS:

Monte Carlo simulation

SASS:

Simulation appointment scheduling system

WoS:

Web of science

WTS:

Waiting time per slot

SCI:

Science citation index

ESCI:

Emerging sources citation index

SJR:

Scimago journal and country rank

JCR:

Journal citation reports

References

  1. Jain M, Dhibar S, Sanga SS (2022) Markovian working vacation queue with imperfect service, balking and retrial. J Ambient Intell Humaniz Comput 13:1907–1923

    Google Scholar 

  2. Xiang W, Yin J, Lim G (2015) An ant colony optimization approach for solving an operating room surgery scheduling problem. Comput Ind Eng 85:335–345

    Google Scholar 

  3. Wang K, Qin H, Huang Y, Luo M, Zhou L (2021) Surgery scheduling in outpatient procedure centre with re-entrant patient flow and fuzzy service times. Omega 102:102350

    Google Scholar 

  4. Crable EL, Biancarelli DL, Aurora M, Drainoni ML, Walkey AJ (2021) Interventions to increase appointment attendance in safety-net health centers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Eval Clin Pract 27(4):965–975

    Google Scholar 

  5. Varmazyar M, Akhavan-Tabatabaei R, Salmasi N, Modarres M (2020) Operating room scheduling problem under uncertainty: application of continuous phase-type distributions. IISE Transactions 52(2):216–235

    Google Scholar 

  6. Lamiri M, Xie X, Dolgui A, Grimaud F (2008) A stochastic model for operating room planning with elective and emergency demand for surgery. Eur J Oper Res 185(3):1026–1037

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  7. Cayirli T, Veral E (2003) Outpatient scheduling in health care: a review of literature. Prod Oper Manag 12(4):519–549

    Google Scholar 

  8. Gupta D, Denton B (2008) Appointment scheduling in health care: challenges and opportunities. IIE Trans 40(9):800–819

    Google Scholar 

  9. Günal MM, Pidd M (2010) Discrete event simulation for performance modelling in health care: a review of the literature. J Simul 4(1):42–51

    Google Scholar 

  10. Rose KD, Ross JS, Horwitz LI (2011) Advanced access scheduling outcomes: a systematic review. Arch Intern Med 171(13):1150–1159

    Google Scholar 

  11. Almagooshi S (2015) Simulation modelling in healthcare: challenges and trends. Procedia Manuf 3:301–307

    Google Scholar 

  12. Ahmadi-Javid A, Jalali Z, Klassen KJ (2017) Outpatient appointment systems in healthcare: a review of optimization studies. Eur J Oper Res 258(1):3–34

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  13. Dantas LF, Fleck JL, Oliveira FLC, Hamacher S (2018) No-shows in appointment scheduling–a systematic literature review. Health Policy 122(4):412–421

    Google Scholar 

  14. Zhang C, Grandits T, Härenstam KP, Hauge JB, Meijer S (2018) A systematic literature review of simulation models for non-technical skill training in healthcare logistics. Adv Simul 3(1):1–16

    Google Scholar 

  15. Fan X, Tang J, Yan C, Guo H, Cao Z (2021) Outpatient appointment scheduling problem considering patient selection behavior: data modeling and simulation optimization. J Comb Optim 42:677–699

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  16. Marynissen J, Demeulemeester E (2019) Literature review on multi-appointment scheduling problems in hospitals. Eur J Oper Res 272(2):407–419

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  17. Peres IT, Hamacher S, Cyrino Oliveira FL, Barbosa SDJ, Viegas F (2019) Simulation of appointment scheduling policies: a study in a bariatric clinic. Obes Surg 29(9):2824–2830

    Google Scholar 

  18. Abdelmagid AM, Gheith MS, Eltawil AB (2022) A comprehensive review of the truck appointment scheduling models and directions for future research. Transp Rev 42(1):102–126

    Google Scholar 

  19. Rahimi I, Gandomi AH (2021) A comprehensive review and analysis of operating room and surgery scheduling. Arch Comput Methods Eng 28(3):1667–1688

    Google Scholar 

  20. Hong TS, Shang PP, Arumugam M, Yusuff RM (2013) Use of simulation to solve outpatient clinic problems: a review of the literature. S Afr J Ind Eng 24(3):27–42

    Google Scholar 

  21. Ghanes K, Wargon M, Jouini O, Jemai Z, Diakogiannis A, Hellmann R et al (2015) Simulation-based optimization of staffing levels in an emergency department. SIMULATION 91(10):942–953

    Google Scholar 

  22. Roy S, Prasanna Venkatesan S, Goh M (2021) Healthcare services: a systematic review of patient-centric logistics issues using simulation. J Oper Res Soc 72(10):2342–2364

    Google Scholar 

  23. Bobbie A, Karwowski W (2019) Simulation-based evaluation of patient appointment policies for a primary care clinic with unscheduled visits: a case study. Int J Human Factors Modell Simul 7(2):152–168

    Google Scholar 

  24. Zhu H, Chen Y, Leung E, Liu X (2018) Outpatient appointment scheduling with unpunctual patients. Int J Prod Res 56(5):1982–2002

    Google Scholar 

  25. Samudra M, Van Riet C, Demeulemeester E, Cardoen B, Vansteenkiste N, Rademakers FE (2016) Scheduling operating rooms: achievements, challenges and pitfalls. J Sched 19(5):493–525

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  26. Stuart K, Kozan E (2012) Reactive scheduling model for the operating theatre. Flex Serv Manuf J 24(4):400–421

    Google Scholar 

  27. Chen PS, Lin MH (2017) Development of simulation optimization methods for solving patient referral problems in the hospital-collaboration environment. J Biomed Inform 73:148–158

    Google Scholar 

  28. Hooshmand F, MirHassani SA, Akhavein A (2018) Adapting GA to solve a novel model for operating room scheduling problem with endogenous uncertainty. Oper Res Health Care 19:26–43

    Google Scholar 

  29. Lin CKY, Ling TWC, Yeung WK (2017) Resource allocation and outpatient appointment scheduling using simulation optimization. J Healthc Eng 2017:9034737

    Google Scholar 

  30. Zhu DD, Sun JQ, Zhao Y (2021) A hybrid GA-SA for the urgent patients disturbed physical examination rescheduling problem considering setup time. IEEE Access 9:14787–14806

    Google Scholar 

  31. Borgman NJ, Vliegen IM, Boucherie RJ, Hans EW (2018) Appointment scheduling with unscheduled arrivals and reprioritization. Flex Serv Manuf J 30(1):30–53

    Google Scholar 

  32. Zhang Z, Xie X (2015) Simulation-based optimization for surgery appointment scheduling of multiple operating rooms. IIE Trans 47(9):998–1012

    Google Scholar 

  33. Liu E, Ma X, Sauré A, Weber L, Puterman ML, Tyldesley S (2019) Improving access to chemotherapy through enhanced capacity planning and patient scheduling. IISE Trans Healthc Syst Eng 9(1):1–13

    Google Scholar 

  34. Slocum RF, Jones HL, Fletcher MT, McConnell BM, Hodgson TJ, Taheri J, Wilson JR (2021) Improving chemotherapy infusion operations through the simulation of scheduling heuristics: a case study. Health Syst 10(3):163–178

    Google Scholar 

  35. Granja C, Almada-Lobo B, Janela F, Seabra J, Mendes A (2014) An optimization based on simulation approach to the patient admission scheduling problem using a linear programing algorithm. J Biomed Inform 52:427–437

    Google Scholar 

  36. Isern D, Moreno A (2016) A systematic literature review of agents applied in healthcare. J Med Syst 40(2):1–14

    Google Scholar 

  37. Kuo YH, Rado O, Lupia B, Leung JM, Graham CA (2016) Improving the efficiency of a hospital emergency department: a simulation study with indirectly imputed service-time distributions. Flex Serv Manuf J 28(1–2):120–147

    Google Scholar 

  38. Liu Z, Rexachs D, Epelde F, Luque E (2017) A simulation and optimization-based method for calibrating agent-based emergency department models under data scarcity. Comput Ind Eng 103:300–309

    Google Scholar 

  39. Uriarte AG, Zúñiga ER, Moris MU, Ng AH (2017) How can decision makers be supported in the improvement of an emergency department? A simulation, optimization and data mining approach. Oper Res Healthc 15:102–122

    Google Scholar 

  40. Chabouh S, Hammami S, Marcon E, Bouchriha H (2018) Appointment scheduling of inpatients and outpatients in a multistage integrated surgical suite: application to a Tunisian ophthalmology surgery department. J Simul 12(1):67–75

    Google Scholar 

  41. Chang WJ, Chang YH (2018) Design of a patient-centered appointment scheduling with artificial neural network and discrete event simulation. J Serv Sci Manag 11(1):71

    Google Scholar 

  42. Gocgun Y (2018) Simulation-based approximate policy iteration for dynamic patient scheduling for radiation therapy. Health Care Manag Sci 21(3):317–325

    Google Scholar 

  43. Deceuninck M, De Vuyst S, Fiems D (2019) An efficient control variate method for appointment scheduling with patient unpunctuality. Simul Model Pract Theory 90:116–129

    Google Scholar 

  44. Allihaibi WGM, Cholette M, Masoud M, Burke J, Karim A (2020) A heuristic approach for scheduling patient treatment in an emergency department based on bed blocking. Int J Ind Eng Comput 11(4):565–584

    Google Scholar 

  45. Anvaryazdi SF, Venkatachalam S, Chinnam RB (2020) Appointment scheduling at outpatient clinics using two-stage stochastic programming approach. IEEE Access 8:175297–175305

    Google Scholar 

  46. Azab A, Karam A, Eltawil A (2020) A simulation-based optimization approach for external trucks appointment scheduling in container terminals. Int J Model Simul 40(5):321–338

    Google Scholar 

  47. Baril C, Gascon V, Miller J (2020) Design of experiments and discrete-event simulation to study oncology nurse workload. IISE Trans Healthc Syst Eng 10(1):74–86

    Google Scholar 

  48. Kluger DM, Aizenbud Y, Jaffe A, Parisi F, Aizenbud L, Minsky-Fenick E et al (2020) Impact of healthcare worker shift scheduling on workforce preservation during the COVID-19 pandemic. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 41(12):1443–1445

    Google Scholar 

  49. Rezaeiahari M, Khasawneh MT (2020) Simulation optimization approach for patient scheduling at destination medical centers. Expert Syst Appl 140:112881

    Google Scholar 

  50. Srinivas S, Salah H (2021) Consultation length and no-show prediction for improving appointment scheduling efficiency at a cardiology clinic: a data analytics approach. Int J Med Inform 145:104290

    Google Scholar 

  51. Abdoli M, Bahadori M, Ravangard R, Babaei M, Aminjarahi M (2021) Comparing 2 appointment scheduling policies using discrete-event simulation. Qual Manag Healthc 30(2):112–120

    Google Scholar 

  52. Botchkarev A (2021) An overview of the conceptual simulation modelling for optimizing funds allocation in health care: hip and knee replacement case. Appl Model Simul 5:145–155

    Google Scholar 

  53. Comis M, Cleophas C, Büsing C (2021) Patients, primary care, and policy: agent-based simulation modeling for health care decision support. Health Care Manag Sci 24:799–826

    Google Scholar 

  54. Demirli K, Al Kaf A, Simsekler MCE, Jayaraman R, Khan MJ, Tuzcu EM (2021) Using lean techniques and discrete-event simulation for performance improvement in an outpatient clinic. Int J Lean Six Sigma 12(6):1260–1288

    Google Scholar 

  55. Ordu M, Demir E, Davari S (2021) A hybrid analytical model for an entire hospital resource optimisation. Soft Comput 25(17):11673–11690

    Google Scholar 

  56. Srinivas S, Ravindran AR (2020) Designing schedule configuration of a hybrid appointment system for a two-stage outpatient clinic with multiple servers. Health Care Manag Sci 23(3):360–386

    Google Scholar 

  57. Wu I, Lin YC, Yien HW, Shih FY (2020) Constructing constraint-based simulation system for creating emergency evacuation plans: a case of an outpatient chemotherapy area at a cancer medical center. Healthcare 8(2):137

    Google Scholar 

  58. Hahn-Goldberg S, Chow E, Appel E, Ko FTF, Tan P, Gavin MB et al (2014) Discrete event simulation of patient admissions to a neurovascular unit. J Healthc Eng 5(3):347–360

    Google Scholar 

  59. Stojanova A, Kocaleva M, Stojkovic N, Bikov D, Ljubenovska M, Zdravevska S et al (2018) Optimization models for scheduling in kindergarten and healthcare centers. Balkan J Appl Math Inform 1(1):65–71

    Google Scholar 

  60. Bruballa E, Wong A, Rexachs D, Luque E (2019) An intelligent scheduling of non-critical patients’ admission for emergency department. IEEE Access 8:9209–9220

    Google Scholar 

  61. Dayarathna VL, Mismesh H, Nagahisarchoghaei M, Alhumoud A (2019) A discrete event simulation (des) based approach to maximize the patient throughput in outpatient clinic. Eng Sci Technol J 1(1):1–11

    Google Scholar 

  62. Schneider AT, van Essen JT, Carlier M, Hans EW (2020) Scheduling surgery groups considering multiple downstream resources. Eur J Oper Res 282(2):741–752

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  63. Ala A, Alsaadi FE, Ahmadi M, Mirjalili S (2021) Optimization of an appointment scheduling problem for healthcare systems based on the quality of fairness service using whale optimization algorithm and NSGA-II. Sci Rep 11(1):1–19

    Google Scholar 

  64. Hejazi TH (2021) State-dependent resource reallocation plan for health care systems: a simulation optimization approach. Comput Ind Eng 159:107502

    Google Scholar 

  65. Tsai SC, Yeh Y, Kuo CY (2021) Efficient optimization algorithms for surgical scheduling under uncertainty. Eur J Oper Res 293(2):579–593

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  66. Nasiri MM, Shakouhi F, Jolai F (2019) A fuzzy robust stochastic mathematical programming approach for multi-objective scheduling of the surgical cases. Opsearch 56(3):890–910

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  67. Ala A, Chen F (2020) An appointment scheduling optimization method in healthcare with simulation approach. In 2020 IEEE 7th international conference on industrial engineering and applications (ICIEA), pp. 833–837. IEEE.

  68. Cayirli T, Gunes ED (2014) Outpatient appointment scheduling in presence of seasonal walk-ins. J Oper Res Soc 65(4):512–531

    Google Scholar 

  69. Qi J (2017) Mitigating delays and unfairness in appointment systems. Manag Sci 63(2):566–583

    Google Scholar 

  70. Choi J, Chung Y, Park S, Chung S (2018) Simulation analysis for appointment scheduling patterns in a private plastic surgery clinic. J Korea Soc Simul 27(1):75–90

    Google Scholar 

  71. Cho DD, Stauffer JM (2022) Tele-medicine question response service: analysis of benefits and costs. Omega 111:102664

    Google Scholar 

  72. Liu C, Xiang X (2018) Optimal appointment scheduling with a stochastic server: simulation based K-steps look-ahead selection method. Int J Ind Eng Comput 9(3):397–408

    Google Scholar 

  73. Al-Hawari T, Khanfar A, Mumani A, Bataineh O (2022) A simulation-based framework for evaluation of healthcare systems with interacting factors and correlated performance measures. Arab J Sci Eng 47(3):3707–3724

    Google Scholar 

  74. Millhiser WP, Veral EA (2019) A decision support system for real-time scheduling of multiple patient classes in outpatient services. Health Care Manag Sci 22(1):180–195

    Google Scholar 

  75. Kong Q, Li S, Liu N, Teo CP, Yan Z (2020) Appointment scheduling under time-dependent patient no-show behavior. Manag Sci 66(8):3480–3500

    Google Scholar 

  76. Ala A, Alsaadi FE, Ahmadi M, Mirjalili S (2021) Optimization of an appointment scheduling problem for healthcare systems based on the quality of fairness service using whale optimization algorithm and NSGA-II. Sci Rep 11:19816

    Google Scholar 

  77. Kuiper A, de Mast J, Mandjes M (2021) The problem of appointment scheduling in outpatient clinics: a multiple case study of clinical practice. Omega 98:102122

    Google Scholar 

  78. Pang B, Xie X, Ju F, Pipe J (2022) A dynamic sequential decision-making model on MRI real-time scheduling with simulation-based optimization. Health Care Manag Sci 25:426–440

    Google Scholar 

  79. Burns P, Konda S, Alvarado M (2022) Discrete-event simulation and scheduling for Mohs micrographic surgery. Journal of Simulation 16(1):43–57

    Google Scholar 

  80. Laan C, van de Vrugt M, Olsman J, Boucherie RJ (2018) Static and dynamic appointment scheduling to improve patient access time. Health Syst 7(2):148–159

    Google Scholar 

  81. Zimmerman SL, Bi A, Dallow T, Rutherford AR, Stephen T, Bye C et al (2021) Optimizing nurse schedules at a community health center. Operations Research for Health Care 30:100308

    Google Scholar 

  82. Klassen KJ, Yoogalingam R (2019) Appointment scheduling in multi-stage outpatient clinics. Health Care Manag Sci 22(2):229–244

    Google Scholar 

  83. Fairley M, Scheinker D, Brandeau ML (2019) Improving the efficiency of the operating room environment with an optimization and machine learning model. Health Care Manag Sci 22(4):756–767

    Google Scholar 

  84. Singla S (2020) Demand and capacity modelling in healthcare using discrete event simulation. Open J Model Simul 8(04):88

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ali Ala.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.

Ethical Approval

The author declares that this article complies with the ethical standard.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Ala, A., Simic, V., Deveci, M. et al. Simulation-Based Analysis of Appointment Scheduling System in Healthcare Services: A Critical Review. Arch Computat Methods Eng 30, 1961–1978 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11831-022-09855-z

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11831-022-09855-z

Navigation