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Identification and field testing of floral odorants that attract the rove beetle Pelecomalium testaceum (Mannerheim) to skunk cabbage, Lysichiton americanus (L.)

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Abstract

Western skunk cabbage, Lysichiton americanus (Araceae), is pollinated mainly by the rove beetle Pelecomalium testaceum (Staphylinidae). Our objective was to determine the floral semiochemical(s) of L. americanus that attract(s) P. testaceum. Porapak Q headspace volatile extracts of L. americanus inflorescences were analyzed by gas chromatographic–electroantennographic detection (GC–EAD) and GC–mass spectrometry. In GC–EAD analyses, three floral odorants [(E)-4 nonene, (E)-5-undecene, indole] elicited consistent responses from the antennae of female P. testaceum. In field experiments, traps baited with a blend of these three components (“3-CB”) captured significantly more P. testaceum than unbaited control traps. Traps baited with the 3-CB, the two hydrocarbons, or indole, each captured significantly more beetles than unbaited control traps, indicating redundancy in the semiochemical blend. Moreover, traps baited with indole captured significantly more beetles than traps baited with either the 3-CB, or the hydrocarbons, indicating that indole is a key floral attractant for P. testaceum. Many necrophilous and coprophilous insects respond to indole in search of carrion or feces, but P. testaceum has never been associated with these types of resources. Both electrophysiological and behavioral responses of P. testaceum to two hydrocarbon semiochemicals, which are not signature odorants of carrion or feces, may indicate that the beetles recognize the odor of L. americanus as an honest signal, seek and pollinate its inflorescences, and get rewarded with pollen and on-plant mating opportunities.

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Acknowledgements

We thank Antonia Musso, Courtney Eichorn, Stephen Takács, Michael Hrabar, and Emma Van Ryn for field assistance; Stephen Takács for graphical illustrations; and Park Rangers for permission to run experiments in Mt Seymour Park. The research was supported by a Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada—Industrial Research Chair to GG, with Scotts Canada Ltd. as the industrial sponsor.

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  1. Bekka S. Brodie

    Present address: Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA

  2. Huimin Zhai

    Present address: Eurofins, Alphora Research Inc., Mississauga, ON, L5K 1B3, Canada

  3. Bekka S. Brodie and Asim Renyard have contributed equally.

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  1. Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada

    Bekka S. Brodie, Asim Renyard, Regine Gries, Huimin Zhai, Steven Ogilvie, Jennifer Avery & Gerhard Gries

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Brodie, B.S., Renyard, A., Gries, R. et al. Identification and field testing of floral odorants that attract the rove beetle Pelecomalium testaceum (Mannerheim) to skunk cabbage, Lysichiton americanus (L.). Arthropod-Plant Interactions 12, 591–599 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11829-018-9607-z

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