Abstract
Endophytic fungi exist in interdependent manner inside the host plant with potential to generate the identical bioactive secondary metabolites for which the host plant is recognized. Therefore, the present study aims to identify secondary metabolites, produced by the endophytic fungi isolated from the roots of Taxus wallichiana. Additionally, biological activities, namely antioxidant and antibacterial activity, are also evaluated. Five endophytic fungi i.e., GBPITWR_F1 (Penicillium sp.), GBPITWR_F1 (P. daleae), GBPITWR_F1 (Penicillium sp.), GBPITWR_F1 (Aspergillus versicolor), and GBPITWR_F1 (Aspergillus sp.), isolated from T. wallichiana roots, were used. Extraction of bioactive metabolites was done by maceration methods in four different solvents- hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and methanol in sequential manner. These crude organic extracts were tested for phytochemicals and antioxidant and antibacterial activity. Results revealed the tendency of endophytic fungi to accumulate various bioactive compounds. Gallic acid was found maximum in GBPITWR_F5 (18.35 ± 2.65 mg/g), quercetin higher in GBPITWR_F1 (15.24 ± 2.28 mg/g); taxol content was present in two of the endophytes i.e., GBPITWR_F1 (0.31 ± 0.00 mg/g) and GBPITWR_F (5 0.68 ± 0.00 mg/g). All the endophytes exhibited production of seven important organic acids i.e., ascorbic acid, citric acid, lactic acid, mallic acid, oxalic acid, pyruvic acid, and succinic acid. Additionally, all the endophytes showed potential antioxidants activity- GBPITWR_F3 with ABTS and GBPITWR_F1 with DPPH with IC50 55.15 ± 3.28 μg/mL and 65.12 ± 4.29 μg/mL in ethyl acetate extracts, respectively. Moreover, all the endophytes showed antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis, B. megaterium, Escherichia coli, Serratia marcescens, Pseudomonas chlororaphis, and P. palleroniana. GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of phenols, fatty acids, aromatic dicarboxylic acid, and alkaloids in ethyl acetate extracts. The biotechnological, pharmaceutical, and agricultural industries may benefit from these endophytic fungi investigated for the production of a range of secondary metabolites and the antibiotic activity.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- ABTS:
-
2,2-azino-bis, 3-ethybenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid
- DMSO:
-
dimethyl sulphoxide
- DPPH:
-
2.2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl
- GC-MS:
-
gas chromatography mass spectrometry
- HCL:
-
hydrochloric acid
- HPLC:
-
high performance liquid chromatography
- IC50 :
-
inhibitory concentration 50%
- MIC:
-
minimum inhibitory concentrations
- PDA:
-
potato dextrose agar
- TPC:
-
total phenolic content
- TFC:
-
total flavonoid content
References
Adhikari P, Pandey A (2019) Phosphate solubilization potential of endophytic fungi isolated from Taxus Wallichiana Zucc. roots. Rhizosphere 9:2–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rhisph.2018.11.002
Adhikari P, Pandey A (2020) Bioprospecting plant growth promoting activities of endophytic bacteria isolated from himalayan yew (Taxus Wallichiana Zucc). Microbiol Res 239(2):126536. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micres.2020.126536
Adhikari P, Agnihotri V, Suman SK, Pandey A (2022) Deciphering the antimicrobial potential of Taxus Wallichiana Zucc: identification and characterization using bioassay-guided fractionation. Chem Biodivers 19:e202200572. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.202200572
Adhikari P, Joshi K, Pandey A (2023) Taxus associated fungal endophytes: anticancerous to other biological activities. Fungal Biol Rev 45:100308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbr.2023.100308
Ajanal M, Gundkalle MB, Nayak SU (2012) Estimation of total alkaloid in Chitrakadivati by UV-Spectrophotometer. Anc Sci Life 31:198–201
Amarowicz R, Naczk M, Shahidi F (2000) Antioxidant activity of crude tannins of Canola and Rapeseed hulls. J Am Oil Chem Soc 77(9):957–961
Anitha KU, Mythili S (2017) Antioxidant and hepatoprotective potentials of novel endophytic fungus Chaetomium sp., from Euphorbia hirta. Asian Pac J Trop Med 10:588–593. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apjtm.2017.06.00-8
Bhardwaj A, Sharma D, Jadon N, Agrawal PK (2015) Antimicrobial and phytochemical screening of endophytic fungi isolated from spikes of Pinus roxburghii. Arch Clin Microbiol 6:1–9
Biharee A, Sharma A, Kumar A, Jaitak V (2020) Antimicrobial flavonoids as a potential substitute for overcoming antimicrobial resistance. Fitoterapia 146:104720. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2020.104720
Cai Y, Luo Q, Sun M, Corke H (2004) Antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds of 112 traditional Chinese medicinal plants associated with anticancer. Life Sci 74(17):2157–2184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2003.09.047
El-Bialy HA, El-Bastawisy H (2020) Elicitors stimulate paclitaxel production by endophytic fungi isolated from ecologically altered Taxus baccata. J Radiat Res Appl Sci 13:79–87.
Gauchan DP, Kandel P, Tuladhar A, Acharya A, Kadel U, Baral A, Shahi AB, Garcia-Gill MR (2020) Evaluation of antimicrobial, antioxidant and cytotoxic properties of bioactive compounds produced from endophytic fungi of himalayan yew (Taxus Wallichiana) in Nepal. F1000 Res 9:379. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.23250.1
Gautam VS, Singh A, Kumari P, Nishad JH, Kumar J, Bharti R, Prajapati P, Kharwar RN (2022) Phenolic and flavonoid contents and antioxidant activity of an endophytic fungus Nigrospora Sphaerica (EHL2), inhabiting the medicinal plant Euphorbia hirta (dudhi) L. Arc Microbiol 204:139–140. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00203-021-02650-7
Gomez-Garcia M, Sol C, De-Nova PJG, Puyalto M, Mesas L, Puente H (2019) Antimicrobial activity of a selection of organic acids, their salts and essential oils against swine enteropathogenic bacteria. Porc Health Manag 5(32):1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40813-019-0139-4
Juyal D, Thawani V, Thaledi S, Joshi M (2014) Ethnomedical properties of Taxus Wallichiana Zucc. (Himalayan Yew). J Tradit Complement Med 4(3):159–161. https://doi.org/10.4103/2225-4110.136544
Kaur R, Kaur J, Kaur M, Kalotra V, Chadha P, Kaur A, Kaur A (2020) An endophytic penicillium oxalicum isolated from Citrus limon possesses antioxidant and genoprotective potential. J App Microbiol 128(5):1400–1413. https://doi.org/10.1111/jam.14553
Khalil DMA, El-Zayat SA, El-Sayed MA (2020) Phytochemical screening and antioxidant potential of endophytic fungi isolated from Hibiscus sabdariffa. J App Biotechnol Rep 7(2):116–124. https://doi.org/10.30491/jabr.2020.109287
Kumar A, Yadav AN, Mondal R, Kour D, Subrahmanyam G, Shabnam AA, Khan SA, Yadav KK, Sharma GK, Cabral-Pintoo M, Fogodiya RM, Gupta DK, Hota S, Malyan SK (2021) Myco-remediation: a mechanistic understanding of contaminants alleviation from natural environment and future prospect. Chemosphere 284:131325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131325
Liaud N, Ginies C, Navarro D, Fabre N, Crapart S, Herpoel-Gimbert I, Levasseur A, Raouche S, Sigoillot JC (2014) Exploring fungal biodiversity: organic acid production by 66 strains of filamentous fungi. Fungal Biology Biotechnol 1(1):1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40694-014-0001-z
Liu XL, Xu Y, Go ML (2008) Functionalized chalcones with basic functionalities have antibacterial activity against drug sensitive Staphylococcus aureus. Eur J Med Chem 43:1681–1687. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2007.10.007
Manganyi MC, Ateba CN (2020) Untapped potentials of endophytic fungi: a review of novel bioactive compounds with biological applications. Microorganisms 8(12):1934. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8121934
Quettier ACD, Gressier CB, Vasseur AJ, Dine CT, Brunet CC, Luyckx M, Cazin JC, Bailleul F, Trotin F (2000) Phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities of Beck wheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) hulls and flour. J Ethnopharmacol 72:35–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-8741(00)00196-3
Raman R, Krishna R, Angayarkanni J, Muthusamy P (2012) Production and cytotoxicity studies of lovastatin from A. Niger PN2 an endophytic fungus isolated from Taxus baccata. Int Japp Biol Pharm Tech 3:342e351
Rivera-Orduña FN, Suarez-Sanchez RA, Flores-Bustamante ZR, Gracida-Rodriguez JN, Flores-Cotera LB (2011) Diversity of endophytic fungi of Taxus globosa (Mexican yew). Fungal Divers 47:65–74. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-010-0045-1
Sharma D, Pramanik A, Agrawal PK (2016) Evaluation of bioactive secondary metabolites from endophytic fungus Pestalotiopsis Neglecta BAB-5510 isolated from leaves of Cupressus torulosa D. Don. 3 Biotech 6:210. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-016-0518-3
Singleton VL, Rossi JA (1965) Colorimetry of total phenolic with phosphor molybdic phosphor tungstic acid reagent. Am J Enol Vitic 16:144–158
Stierle DB, Stierle AA, Ganser B (1997) New phomopsolides from a Penicillium Sp. J Nat Prod 60:1207e1209. https://doi.org/10.1021/np970338f
Wu LS, Hu CL, Han T, Zheng CJ, Ma XQ, Rahman K, Qin LP (2013) Cytotoxic metabolites from Perenniporia tephropora, an endophytic fungus from Taxus chinensis var. Mairei. App Microbiol Biotechnol 97(1):305e315
Yadav AN, Kour D, Kaur T, Devi R, Yadav A (2022) Endophytic fungal communities and their biotechnological implications for agro-environmental sustainability. Folia Microbiol 67(2):203–232. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12223-021-00939-0
Yoon BK, Jackman JA, Valle-Gonzalez ER, Cho NJ (2018) Antibacterial free fatty acids and monoglycerides: biological activities, experimental testing, and therapeutic applications. Int J Mol Sci 19:1–40. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19041114
Yu S, Zhu YX, Peng C, Li J (2019) Two new sterol derivatives isolated from the endophytic fungus aspergillus tubingensis YP2. Nat Prod Res 35(19):3277e3284. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2019.1696793
Acknowledgements
Authors are grateful to National Mission on Himalayan Studies (NMHS), Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Govt. of India, New Delhi for financial support.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Conceptualization: PA and AP; investigation: PA; writing: original draft preparation: PA; writing: review and editing: AP, supervision: AP. Both the authors have read and agreed to the final version of the manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
This paper has not been published before in any form and it is not consideration by any other journal at the same time. No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Adhikari, P., Pandey, A. Phytochemicals, and antioxidants and antibacterial activities of Taxus wallichiana Zucc. root associated endophytic fungi. Biologia (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11756-024-01650-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11756-024-01650-4