Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Structural, morphological, spectral, XPS, and dielectric properties of Ba4Co2NdxFe36−xO60 nanocrystalline materials

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Chemical Papers Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Neodymium (Nd3+) substituted Ba4Co2NdxFe36-xO60 (0.0 ≤ x ≤ 0.16, Δx = 0.04) hexaferrite materials were produced by self-combustion sol–gel synthesis and sintered at 1200 °C for 6 h in a digitally controlled box furnace. XRD was performed to examine all the specimens for structural examination. XRD spectra confirmed the single-phase development of synthesized materials. Incorporating Nd into structural parameters resulted in an enhancement in lattice parameters (a and c). The fluctuations were also noted in the lattice values of “a" and “c" that are 5.866–5.869 Å and 112.745–112.800 Å. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy identifies two absorption bands between 507–485 cm−1 and 462–435 cm−1 due to Fe–O stretching vibrations. Epsilometer R60 VNA was used to perform the dielectric measurements from the 1 MHz–6 GHz frequency range. Maxwell–Wagner theory explains the variations in frequency-dependent dielectric parameters well. The value of dielectric loss was decreased at a higher frequency region (6 GHz) for all doped samples. The sample with x = 0.08 shows the maximum Q-value about 17,893 at 0.037 GHz. The impedance study approved the impact of grain and grain boundaries on Cole–Cole graphs. The attenuation/reflection loss factor of the unsubstituted sample has the smallest value of − 44.2 dB at 1.2 GHz, considered the best-absorbing material among all the samples. Scanning electron microscopy gives information about the morphology and approves the hexagonal plate-like shape of grains. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed the existence of all metal ions with their required valence states. According to these findings, impedance analysis, Q-value, and reflection loss, the prepared materials are suitable for higher frequency gadgets, including MLCI, microwave absorbers, and dielectric resonators.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15
Fig. 16

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding authors upon reasonable request.

References

  • Abbas SM (2007) Complex permittivity, complex permeability and microwave absorption properties of ferrite-polymer composites. J Magn Magn Mater 309:20–24

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Abdeen A, Hemeda O, Assem E, El-Sehly M (2002) Structural, electrical and transport phenomena of Co ferrite substituted by Cd. J Magn Magn Mater 238(1):75–83

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Abu-Zied BM, Khan A (2020) Microwave-assisted synthesis of micro/nano NdO powders. J Mater Res Technol 9(5):10478–10490

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Afghahi SSS, Jafarian M, Stergiou CA (2016) Multicomponent nanocomposites with carbonyl Fe–CoFe2O4–CaTiO3 fillers for microwave absorption applications. Mater Des 112:462–468

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmad B, Mumtaz S, Karamat N, Gohar RS, Ashiq MN, Shah A (2019) Synthesis, dielectric and magnetic properties of Mn–Ge substituted Co2Y hexaferrites. J Saudi Chem Soc 23(4):407–416

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alamri S, Rajhi AA, Anqi AE, Tran N (2022) Enhanced microwave dissipation features of BiFe0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O3/MWCNTs composite decorate of polythiophene. J. Magn Magn Mater 545:168724

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ali I, Islam M, Ashiq MN, Khan HM, Iqbal MA, Najam-Ul-Haq M (2014) Effect of Eu–Ni substitution on electrical and dielectric properties of Co–Sr–Y-type hexagonal ferrite. Mater Res Bull 49:338–344

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alyabyeva LN (2019) Influence of chemical substitution on broadband dielectric response of barium-lead M-type hexaferrite. New J Phys 21(6):063016

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anis-ur-Rehman M (2011) Variation in structural and dielectric properties of co-precipitated nanoparticles strontium ferrites due to value of pH. Alloys Compd 509(2):435–439

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anupama M, Rudraswamy B (2016) Effect of Gd3+-Cr3+ ion substitution on the structural, electrical and magnetic properties of Ni–Zn ferrite nanoparticles. IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng 149:012194

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arshad M, Khan MA, Ashraf GA, Mahmood K, Arshad MI (2022) Investigation of crystal structure, electrical and dielectric response of Zr4+-Co2+ substituted Ba–Sr–Ni Y-type hexagonal ferrites synthesized by sol-gel route. Ceram Int 49:4141–4152

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Asadinia E, Pakshir M, Hosseini SE (2020) Synthesis of (Ba4Zn2−xMnxFe36O60) U-type hexaferrite pigments and studying their influence on the protective performance, mechanical behavior and microwave absorption properties of polyurethane paint coatings. Prog Org Coat 139:105435

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ashiq MN (2012) Synthesis, magnetic and dielectric properties of Er–Ni doped Sr hexaferrite nanomaterials for applications in high density recording media and microwave devices. Magn Magn Mater 324:15–19

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Batoo KM (2011) Study of dielectric and impedance properties of Mn ferrites. Phys B 406(3):382–387

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brabers V (1969) Infrared spectra of cubic and tetragonal manganese ferrites. Phys Status Solidi (b) 33(2):563–572

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Caliskan S, Almessiere M, Baykal A, Gungunes H, Slimani Y, Hassan M, Klygach D, Kostishin V, Trukhanov S, Trukhanov A (2023) Impact of vanadium substitution on structural, magnetic, microwave absorption features and hyperfine interactions of SrCo hexaferrites. J Alloy Compd 960:170578

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen Y, Wang Y, Liu Y, Liu Q, Wu C, Qi B, Zhang H (2019) Microstructure and magnetic properties of Y substituted M-type hexaferrite BaYxFe12−xO19. J Mater Sci: Mater Electron 30:5911–5916

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Choudhary R, Pradhan DK, Tirado C, Bonilla G, Katiyar R (2007) Impedance characteristics of Pb (Fe2/3W1/3)O3–BiFeO3 composites. Phys Status Solidi (b) 244(6):2254–2266

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Costa MM, Pires Júnior GFM, Sombra ASB (2010) Dielectric and impedance properties’ studies of the of lead doped (PbO)–Co2Y type hexaferrite (Ba2Co2Fe12O22 (Co2Y)). Mater Chem Phys 123(1):35–39

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dey S, Chatterjee P, Sen Gupta S (2006) Deformation stacking fault probability and dislocation microstructure of cold worked Cu–Sn–5Zn alloys by x-ray diffraction line profile analysis. J Appl Phys 100(7):073509

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dionne GF (1975) A review of ferrites for microwave applications. Proc IEEE 63(5):777–789

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dubey DP, Kumar S, Chatterjee R (2019) Magnetic and microwave absorption properties of Zn2+–Ti4+ substituted U-type hexaferrites. Phys B 570:19–23

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ejaz SR, Khan MA, Warsi MF, Akhtar MN, Hussain A (2018) Study of structural transformation and hysteresis behavior of Mg–Sr substituted X-type hexaferrites. Ceram Int 44(15):18903–18912

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fantauzzi M, Secci F, Angotzi MS, Passiu C, Cannas C, Rossi A (2019) Nanostructured spinel cobalt ferrites: Fe and Co chemical state, cation distribution and size effects by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. RSC Adv 9(33):19171–19179

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Garg A, Goel S, Dixit AK, Pandey MK, Kumari N, Tyagi S (2021) Investigation on the effect of neodymium doping on the magnetic, dielectric and microwave absorption properties of strontium hexaferrite particles in X-band. Mater Chem Phys 257:123771

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Garg A, Goel S, Dixit AK, Pandey MK, Kumari N, Tyagi S (2021) Investigation on the effect of neodymium doping on the magnetic, dielectric and microwave absorption properties of strontium hexaferrite particles in X-band. Mater Chem Phys 257:123771

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ghasemi A (2006) Document details-electromagnetic properties and microwave absorbing characteristics of doped barium hexaferrite. J Magn Magn Mater 302:429–435

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goel S, Garg A, Gupta RK, Dubey A, Prasad NE, Tyagi S (2020) Effect of neodymium doping on microwave absorption property of barium hexaferrite in X-band. Mater Res Express 7(1):016109

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gu Q, Jafarian M, Afghahi SSS, Atassi Y, Al-Qassar R (2020) Tuning the impedance matching characteristics of microwave absorbing paint in X-band using copper particles and polypyrrole coating. Mater Res Bull 125:110780

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gulbadan S, Khan MA, Ashraf GA, Mahmood K, Shahid M, Irfan M, Ahmad A (2023) Insight of structural, dielectric and spectroscopic characteristics of Ba0.6Sr0.4−xYbxFe12−yCoyO19 M-type hexaferrite. Ceram Int 49(4):6487–6499

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huang J, Zhuang H, Li W (2003) Optimization of the microstructure of low-temperature combustion-synthesized barium ferrite powder. J Magn Magn Mater 256(1–3):390–395

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Idrees M, Khan MA, Gulbadan S, Mahmood K, Ashraf GA, Akhtar MN (2022) Structural and dielectric properties of Sr4Zn2Fe36O60 U-type hexaferrites with optimized Gd contents and sintered by a two-step process. Ceram Int 48:27739–27749

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Iqbal MA (2014) High frequency dielectric properties of Eu+3-substituted Li–Mg ferrites synthesized by sol–gel auto-combustion method. J Alloys Compd 586:404–410

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jafarian M, Afghahi SSS, Atassi Y, Sabzi A (2019) New insights on microwave absorption characteristics of magnetodielectric powders: effect of matrix chemical nature and loading percentage. J Magn Magn Mater 492:165624

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jafarian M, Afghahi SSS, Atassi Y, Loriamini A (2020) Promoting the microwave absorption characteristics in the X band using core-shell structures of Cu metal particles/PPy and hexaferrite/PPy. J Magn Magn Mater 493:165680

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jafarian M, Bozorg SFK, Amadeh AA, Atassi Y (2021a) Nano-architectured NiO shell vs 3D microflowers morphology toward enhancement of magneto-electric loss in mesoporous magneto-electric composite. Ceram Int 47(14):20595–20609

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jafarian M, Kashani-Bozorg SF, Amadeh AA, Atassi Y (2021b) Boosted microwave dissipation performance via integration of magneto/dielectric particles with hierarchical 3D morphology in bilayer absorber. J Magn Magn Mater 539:168363

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jafarian M, Kashani-Bozorg SF, Amadeh AA, Atassi Y (2021c) Hierarchical brain-coral-like structure (3D) vs rod-like structure (1D): effect on electromagnetic wave loss features of SrFe12O19 and CoFe2O4. Ceram Int 47(21):30448–30458

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jasbir Singh CS (2022) Role of phase, grain morphology and impedance properties in tailoring of barium strontium hexaferrites for microwave absorber/attenuator applications. Mater Sci Eng, B 281:115679

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Javed Z, Rasool RT, Alhummiany H, Majeed A, Gulbadan S, Ashraf GA, mana Al-Anazy M, Irfan M, Akhtar MN, Arshad M (2024) Structural, morphological, dielectric, and spectral properties of Sr–Mg–Ho X-type magnetic nano materials suitable for microwave absorption application. Vacuum 222:112965

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jiang P, Xu Q, Tran N, El-Shafay A, Mohanavel V, Abdelrahman A, Ravichandran M (2022) Boosted microwave absorption properties of CoFe2O4 with extraordinary 3D morphologies. Ceram Int 48(10):13541–13550

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jotania RB, Virk HS (2012) Y-type hexaferrites: structural, dielectric and magnetic properties. Solid State Phenom 189:209–232

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kagdi AR, Solanki NP, Carvalho FE, Meena SS, Bhatt P, Pullar RC, Jotania RB (2018) Influence of Mg substitution on structural, magnetic and dielectric properties of X-type bariumzinc hexaferrites Ba2Zn2−xMgxFe28O46. J Alloy Compd 741:377–391

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaushal A, Olhero S, Singh B, Fagg DP, Bdikin I, Ferreira J (2014) Impedance analysis of 0.5Ba(Zr0.2Ti0.8)O3–0.5(Ba0.7Ca0.3) TiO3 ceramics consolidated from micro-granules. Ceram Int 40(7):10593–10600

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khalid A, Atiq S, Ramay SM, Mahmood A, Mustafa GM, Riaz S, Naseem S (2016) Magneto-electric characteristics in (Mn, Cu) co-doped BiFeO3 multiferroic nanoparticles. J Mater Sci: Mater Electron 27:8966–8972

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khan N-u-H (2023) Impact of cerium substitution cobalt–zinc spinel ferrites for the applications of high frequency devices. Phys B Condens Matter 660:414873

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khan MA, Nadeem M, Abbas S, Akhtar MN, Lodhi MY (2018) Effects of Dy on structural, dielectric and magnetic properties of Ni–Sr–Y co-precipitated hexaferrites. Ceram Int 44(18):22255–22261

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khan Q, Majeed A, Ahmad N, Ahmad I, Ahmad R (2021) Structural features and dielectric behavior of Al substituted Cu0.7Ni0.3Fe2O4 ferrites. Mater Chem Phys 273:125028

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khan HM, Mustaqeem M, Chen Y-F, Junaid M, Saleh TA, Akram MN, Rehman Au, Lateef N (2022) Tuning of structural and dielectric properties of X type hexaferrite through Co and Zn variation. J Alloys Compd 909:164529

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khan MA, Afzal S, Gulbadan S, Mahmood K, Ashraf GA, Akhtar MN (2023) Investigation of structural, physical, spectral, photoluminescence, Raman, and dielectric properties of Ba2Co2GdxFe28−xO46 hexaferrites. Ceram Int 49(8):12144–12155

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar S, Chatterjee R (2018) Complex permittivity, permeability, magnetic and microwave absorbing properties of Bi3+ substituted U-type hexaferrite. J Magn Magn Mater 448:88–93

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar S, Meena RS, Chatterjee R (2016) Microwave absorption studies of Cr-doped Co–U type hexaferrites over 2–18 GHz frequency range. J Magn Magn Mater 418:194–199

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lisjak D, Bregar VB, Drofenik M (2007) The influence of microstructure on the microwave absorption of Co–U hexaferrites. J Magn Magn Mater 310(2):2558–2560

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lodhi MY, Khan MA, Majeed A, Alharthi S, Amin MA, Boukhris I (2022) Unveiling the effect of Gd–Co co-substitution in the enrichment of structural and dielectric properties of SrBaMn based magnetic oxide. Ceram Int 48(6):8612–8619

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Majeed A, Khan MA, Lodhi MY, Ahmad R, Ahmad I (2020) Structural, microwave permittivity, and complex impedance studies of cation (Cr, Bi, Al, In) substituted SrNi-X hexagonal nano-sized ferrites. Ceram Int 46(2):1907–1915

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Majeed A, Khan MA, Ahmad R, Lodhi MY, Ahmad I (2021) Tuning the properties of novel magnetic oxide via Co–Bi co-substitution including theoretical background of characterization techniques. J Supercond Novel Magn 34(9):2313–2329

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Malik H (2018) Structural, spectral, thermal and dielectric properties of Nd–Ni codoped Sr–Ba–Cu hexagonal ferrites synthesized via sol–gel auto-combustion route. Ceram Int 44:605–612

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Manzoor A, Khan MA, Shahid M, Warsi MF (2017) Investigation of structural, dielectric and magnetic properties of Ho substituted nanostructured lithium ferrites synthesized via auto-citric combustion route. J Alloy Compd 710:547–556

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meena R, Bhattachrya S, Chatterjee R (2010) Development of “tuned microwave absorbers” using U-type hexaferrite. Mater Des 31(7):3220–3226

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mishra S (2023) Combined effect of exfoliated graphite/ferrite filled epoxy composites on microwave absorbing and mechanical properties. Phys Open 14:100138

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mosleh Z, Kameli P, Poorbaferani A, Ranjbar M, Salamati H (2016) Structural, magnetic and microwave absorption properties of Ce-doped barium hexaferrite. J Magn Magn Mater 397:101–107

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mustafa GM, Atiq S, Abbas SK, Riaz S, Naseem S (2018) Tunable structural and electrical impedance properties of pyrochlores based Nd doped lanthanum zirconate nanoparticles for capacitive applications. Ceram Int 44(2):2170–2177

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nayak S, Sahoo B, Chaki TK, Khastgir D (2013) Facile preparation of uniform barium titanate (BaTiO3) multipods with high permittivity: impedance and temperature dependent dielectric behavior. RSV Adv 4:1212–1224

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Odeh I, El Ghanem HM, Mahmood SH, Azzam S, Bsoul I, Lehlooh AF (2016) Dielectric and magnetic properties of Zn-substituted Co2Y barium hexaferrite prepared by sol–gel auto combustion method. Phys B 494:33–40

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Patel AG, Pullar RC, Meena SS, Jotania RB (2023) Pechini citrate-gel synthesised In3+ substituted X-type barium zinc hexaferrites: an investigation on structural, optical, magnetic and dielectric properties. Mater Chem Phys 293:126947

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pratap V, Soni A, Abbas S, Siddiqui A, Prasad NE (2021) Effect of zinc substitution on U-type barium hexaferrite-epoxy composites as designed for microwave absorbing applications. J Alloy Compd 865:158280

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sadiq I, Naseem S, Ashiq MN, Khan M, Niaz S, Rana M (2015) Structural and dielectric properties of doped ferrite nanomaterials suitable for microwave and biomedical applications. Prog Nat Sci Mater Int 25(5):419–424

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shahid QUA, Khan MA, Gulbadan S, Ashraf GA, Rasool RT (2023) Impact of erbium substitution on structural, dielectric, spectral, and microwave absorption properties of Ba3Co2Fe24O41 Z-type hexa-ferrites for microwave devices applications. Ceram Int 49:27866–27877

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shakil M, Inayat U, Arshad M, Nabi G, Khalid N, Tariq N, Shah A, Iqbal M (2020) Influence of zinc and cadmium co-doping on optical and magnetic properties of cobalt ferrites. Ceram Int 46(6):7767–7773

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shifa MS, Khan WA, Albalawi H, Al-Muhimeed TI, AlObaid AA, Mahmood Q, Khan MA, Gulbadan S, Gilani ZA, Qureshi I (2021) Effects of heat treatment on the structural, spectral, morphological, dielectric, and magnetic properties of Ba0.5Sr0.1Zn0.4Fe12O19 ferrite. Ceram Int 47(17):24817–24822

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singh G (2022) Microwave absorbing properties of Bi3+ substituted Ba4Zn2Fe36O60 U-type hexaferrite. Mater Today Proc 50:1181–1185

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tahir W, Khan MA, Gulbadan S, Majeed A, Mahmood K (2021) Comprehensive study of structural, physical, and spectroscopic properties of Co–Ni substituted BaMg2Fe16O27 W-type hexaferrites. J Taibah Univ Sci 15(1):1196–1209

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tahir W, Khan MA, Rasool RT, Dabagh S, Gulbadan S, Majeed A, Albalawi H, Bouzgarrou S, Mahmood K (2023) Quantifying Co–Zn contents for compositional tailoring of strontium W-type hexaferrites for useful applications. Phys B 659:414872

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tyagi S (2018) RADAR absorption study of BaFe12O19/ZnFe2O4/CNTs nanocomposite. J Alloy Compd 731:584–590

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • ur Raheem F, Khan MA, Majeed A, Hussain A, Warsi MF, Akhtar MN (2017) Structural, spectral, electrical, dielectric and magnetic properties of Yb doped SrNiCo-X hexagonal nano-structured ferrites. J Alloys Compd 708:903–910

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Van der Heide P (2011) X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy: an introduction to principles and practices. Wiley

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Wagner CD (1979) Handbook of x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy: a reference book of standard data for use in x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Perkin-Elmer

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang J, Ponton C, Harris I (2005) A study of Pr-substituted strontium hexaferrite by hydrothermal synthesis. J Alloy Compd 403(1–2):104–109

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Warhate VV, Badwaik VD, Badwaik DS (2019) AC conductivity and dielectric properties of TiCo substituted Y-type stsrontium nano hexa-ferrites prepared by sol gel auto-combustion. Mater Today Proc 15:490–497

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xie T, Liu C, Xu L, Yang J, Zhou W (2013) Novel heterojunction Bi2O3/SrFe12O19 magnetic photocatalyst with highly enhanced photocatalytic activity. J Phys Chem C 117(46):24601–24610

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang Z, Liu X, Wang X, Youpeng W, Li R (2012) Effect of Nd–Co substitution on magnetic and microwave absorption properties of SrFe12O19 hexaferrites. J Alloys Compd 525:114–119

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Physics, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan

    Rukhsana Kausar, Muhammad Azhar Khan & Muhammad Arshad

  2. Department of Physics, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China

    Raqiqa Tur Rasool

  3. College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, People’s Republic of China

    Ghulam Abbas Ashraf

  4. New Uzbekistan University, Mustaqillik Ave. 54, 100007, Tashkent, Uzbekistan

    Ghulam Abbas Ashraf

Authors
  1. Rukhsana Kausar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Muhammad Azhar Khan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Raqiqa Tur Rasool
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Muhammad Arshad
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Ghulam Abbas Ashraf
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Rukhsana Kausar was contributed stoichiometric calculations and methodology. Muhammad Azhar Khan was involved in supervision. Raqiqa Tur Rasool was performed draft preparation. Muhammad Arshad was responsible for conceptualization and validation. Ghulam Abbas Ashraf was attributed data analysis.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Rukhsana Kausar, Muhammad Azhar Khan or Raqiqa Tur Rasool.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Kausar, R., Khan, M.A., Rasool, R.T. et al. Structural, morphological, spectral, XPS, and dielectric properties of Ba4Co2NdxFe36−xO60 nanocrystalline materials. Chem. Pap. (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11696-024-03473-8

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11696-024-03473-8

Keywords

Search

Navigation