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Synthesizing nanoporous carbon from palm kernel shell as a newly designed green absorbent for removing mercury

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Abstract

Nanoporous carbons (NCs) derived from palm kernel shell (PKS) have excellent properties allowing them to be used in globally challenging fields such as water treatment, pollutant and pesticide removal, catalysis, and heavy metal adsorption. In this study, PKS was chemically activated using H3PO4, and the effects of temperature (500 °C) and impregnation ratio on the process were investigated. The optimal conditions for the synthesis of NC with a large surface area (1280 m2 g−1) were a medium temperature (500 °C), an impregnation ratio of 1:1, and a carbonization time of 1 h. Various parameters including the surface area, porosity, and thermal stability of the synthesized NC were investigated. The results confirmed the potential of NC for various applications, with NC–PKS 1:1 exhibiting the best mercury (II) [Hg (II)] adsorption among the tested samples at the optimal pH, adsorbent dosage, initial concentration, and contact time. Finally, by employing a pseudo-second-order kinetic model, the Freundlich model exhibited the best adsorption isotherm fit with a maximum Hg (II) adsorption capacity of 55.3 mg/g. Therefore, the synthesized NC is a promising candidate for wastewater treatment because it is efficient and is made of an inexpensive and environmentally friendly carbon source.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE), Malaysia under Prototype Research Grant Scheme (PRGS) and Universiti Putra Malaysia.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Chemistry Department, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

    Abubakar Lawal, Nor Azah Yusof, Abdul Halim Abdullah & Mohd Hanif Wahid

  2. Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

    Nor Azah Yusof, Abdul Halim Abdullah & Suhainie Ismail

  3. Department of Chemistry, Shehu Shagari College of Education Sokoto, Sokoto, Sokoto State, Nigeria

    Abubakar Lawal

  4. School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300, Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia

    Siti Fatimah Abd Rahman

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  1. Abubakar Lawal
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Lawal, A., Yusof, N., Abdullah, A. et al. Synthesizing nanoporous carbon from palm kernel shell as a newly designed green absorbent for removing mercury. Chem. Pap. 78, 1959–1974 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11696-023-03219-y

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