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Noncentrosymmetric organic crystals of barbiturates as potential nonlinear optical phores: experimental and theoretical analyses

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This paper details with design, synthesis, isolation, spectroscopic and structural elucidation of seven crystals of organic barbiturates (a red phase of bis(5-(hydroxyimino)pyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione) 4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-amine co-crystal (1y), 2-methylamino-1-phenyl-propan-1-ol 2-thioxo-dihydro-pyrimidine-4,6-dione (2), 4-phenylpyridine thiobarbituric acid co-crystal (3), new monoclinic polymorph of violuric acid monohydrate (4), 2-pyrrolidin-1-yl-ethylammonium bis(violurate) dihydrate (5) and redetermination of barbituric acid dihydrate (6) and noncentrosymmetric orthorhombic violuric acid monohydrate (7)). The noncentrosymmetric crystals (1r) (2) and (7) can efficiently be employed in the field of nonlinear optical (NLO) materials research. We aim at studying relationship between molecular, respectively, crystal structure and NLO properties within a relatively large range of temperatures (T = 273–500 K). The single crystal X-ray diffraction, electronic absorption, conventional and linear polarized infrared spectroscopies have been used to provide experimental structural and spectroscopic data. The deuterated derivatives of (4) and (7) have been analysed, as well. The theoretical description of linear and NLO properties of crystals (1)–(7) is based on quantum chemical ab initio methods and density functional theory (DFT). The work contributes, importantly, to the fields of nonlinear optics, crystal engineering or materials research, reflecting in mind frequency conversion of lasers, electro-optics, modulators, waveguides and more.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank the Deutscher Akademischer Austausch Dienst for a grant within the priority program “Stability Pact South-Eastern Europe” and for purchasing on Evolution 300 UV–VIS–NIR spectrometer; the Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung (Germany) for instrumental equipment (single crystal X-ray diffractometer); the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft; the central instrumental laboratories for structural analysis at Dortmund University (Federal State Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany) and analytical and computational laboratory clusters at the Institute of Environmental Research at the same University. Conflict of interest: Michael Spiteller has received research grants (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, 255/21-1); Bojidarka Ivanova has received research grants (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft; Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, research fellowship and instrumental equipment).

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  1. Lehrstuhl für Analytische Chemie, Institut für Umweltforschung, Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, 44221, Dortmund, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany

    Bojidarka Ivanova & Michael Spiteller

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11696_2019_835_MOESM1_ESM.doc

Crystallographic data of (1)–(7) have been deposited to Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre: CCDC 1581282 (1r) (Ia), 1581684 (1r) (Cc), 1576200 (2), 1581726 (3), 1581697 (4), 1581728 (5), 1581748 (6) and 1581761 (7), respectively. Copy of this information may be obtained from Director, CCDC, 12 Union Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EZ, UK (Fax: +44 1223 336 033; e-mail: deposit@ccdc.cam.ac.uk or http://www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk); Crystallographic parameters, ORTEP plot, SEM image and photographs of crystals (Table S1, Figures S1); Theoretical NLO properties (Table S2); Orbital energies (Tabel S3). Experimental and theoretical IR spectra (Figures S2–S4); electronic absorption spectra (Figure S5); theoretical geometry parameters with respect to different stationary states of (1r) (Figure S6); self-assembly of violurate species in co-crystals (Scheme S1); Z–matrices(Table S4); theoretical vibrational analysis(Table S5). (DOC 5090 kb)

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Ivanova, B., Spiteller, M. Noncentrosymmetric organic crystals of barbiturates as potential nonlinear optical phores: experimental and theoretical analyses. Chem. Pap. 73, 2821–2844 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11696-019-00835-5

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