Abstract
The object of this study was to produce bioactive hydrolysates from wheat gluten using ficin, a commercially important endopeptidase with plant origin, and evaluate antioxidant, antimicrobial and α-amylase inhibitory activities. Hydrolysate samples were collected at different time intervals (60, 120 and 180 min). Both samples obtained at 120 and 180 min were highly active against ABTS+ radical. The sample collected at 180 min was the most active hydrolysate in terms of DPPH radical scavenging activity, ferrous ion-chelating and α-amylase inhibition, and was further fractionated by ultrafiltration into three peptide fractions, T3-F1 (MW > 10 kDa), T3-F2 (3 < MW < 10 kDa) and T3-F3 (MW < 3 kDa). These fractions were compared in terms of antioxidant and α-amylase inhibitory abilities. The T3-F3 fraction, exhibited the strongest DPPH scavenging activity. The highest values of ABTS+ scavenging activity and α-amylase inhibition were detected in T3-F2 and T3-F3 and the lowest values in T3-F1, which were even lower than those of the parent hydrolysate. The fraction T3-F2 had the highest chelating ability and T3-F3 the lowest, even in comparison with the parent hydrolysate. The antibacterial properties of the hydrolysate sample collected at 180 min was evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria. The most significantly affected bacteria was S. aureus with the minimum inhibitory concentration value of 48 mg/mL, whereas the value obtained against E. coli was 52 mg/mL. The minimum bactericidal concentration was 60 mg/mL for both S. aureus and E. coli.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
M. Memarpoor-Yazdi, A. Asoodeh, C.J. Khan, A novel antioxidant and antimicrobial peptide from hen egg white lysozyme hydrolysates. J. Funct. Foods 4, 278–286 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2011.12.004
F. Toldrá, M. Reig, M.C. Aristoy, L. Mora, Generation of bioactive peptides during food processing. Food Chem. 267, 395–404 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.06.119
A. Karimi, M.H. Azizi, G.H. Ahmadi, Fractionation of hydrolysate from corn germ protein by ultrafiltration: in vitro antidiabetic and antioxidant activity. Food Sci. Nutr. 8, 2395–2405 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.1529
Z. Shahi, S.Z. Sayyed-Alangi, L. Najafian, Effects of enzyme type and process time on hydrolysis degree, electrophoresis bands and antioxidant properties of hydrolyzed proteins derived from defatted Bunium persicum Bioss. press cake. Heliyon 6, e03365 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03365
A. Abbas, B. Sultana, A. Hussain, F. Anwar, N. Ahmad, Antioxidant potential, phenolics content and antimicrobial attributes of selected medicinal plants. Pak. J. Anal. Environ. Chem. 22(2), 307–319 (2021). https://doi.org/10.21743/pjaec/2021.12.10
L. Gong, D. Feng, T. Wang, Y. Ren, Y. Liu, J. Wang, Inhibitors of á-amylase and á-glucosidase: potential linkage for whole cereal foods on prevention of hyperglycemia. Food Sci. Nutr. 8(12), 6320–6337 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.1987
M. Esmaeilpour, M.R. Ehsani, M. Aminlari, Sh. Shekarforoush, E. Hoseini, Antimicrobial activity of peptides derived from enzymatic hydrolysis of goat milk caseins. Comp. Clin. Pathol. 25, 599–605 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00580-016-2237-x
A. Osman, G. Enan, A.R. Al-Mohammadi, S. Abdel-Shafi, S. Abdel-Hameid, M.Z. Sitohy, N. El-Gazzar, Antibacterial peptides produced by Alcalase from cowpea seed proteins. Antibiotics 10, 870 (2021). https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10070870
D. Gottardi, PKh. Hong, M. Ndagijimana, B.M. Mirko, Conjugation of gluten hydrolysates with glucosamine at mild temperatures enhances antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. LWT 57, 181–187 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2014.01.013
M.B. Elmalimadi, J.R. Jovanovića, A.B. Stefanovića, S.J. Tanaskovića, S.B. Djurovićb, B.M. Bugarskic, Z.D. Knežević-Jugovića, Controlled enzymatic hydrolysis for improved exploitation of the antioxidant potential of wheat gluten. Ind. Crops Prod. 109, 548–557 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2017.09.008
K. Pourmohammadi, E. Abedi, Hydrolytic enzymes and their directly and indirectly effects on gluten and dough properties: an extensive review. Food Sci. Nutr. 9(7), 3988–4006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.2344
A.M. Gabler, K.A. Scherf, Comparative characterization of gluten and hydrolyzed wheat proteins. Biomolecules 10(9), 1227 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3390/biom10091227
K.B. Devaraj, P.R. Kumar, P.V. Vishweshwaraiah, Purification, characterization, and solvent-induced thermal stabilization of ficin from Ficus carica. J. Agric. Food Chem. 56, 11417–11423 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1021/jf802205a
E.H. Siar, R. Morellon-Sterling, M.N. Zidoune, R. Fernandez-Lafuente, Use of glyoxyl-agarose immobilized ficin extract in milk coagulation: unexpected importance of the ficin loading on the biocatalysts. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 144, 419–426 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.12.140
AACC Approved Methods of Analysis, 11th edn. Method 44-15.02. Moisture-Air-Oven Methods. Cereals & Grains Association, St. Paul. Accessed 3 Nov 1999
AACC Approved Methods of Analysis, 11th edn. Method 08-01.01. Ash-Basic Method. Cereals & Grains Association, St. Paul. Accessed 3 Nov 1999
AACC Approved Methods of Analysis, 11th edn. Method 46-12.01. Crude Protein-Kjeldahl Method, Boric Acid Modification. Cereals & Grains Association, St. Paul. Accessed 3 Nov 1999
AACC Approved Methods of Analysis, 11th edn. Method 30–10.01. Crude Fat in Flour, Bread, and Baked Cereal Products Not Containing Fruit. Cereals & Grains Association, St. Paul. Accessed 3 Nov 1999
J. Adler-Nissen, Enzymic Hydrolysis of Food Proteins (Elsevier Applied Science Publishers, New York, 1986), pp.11–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/0308-8146(87)90169-5
J.E. Zapata-Montoya, D.E. Giraldo-Rios, A.J. Baéz-Suarez, Kinetic modeling of the enzymatic hydrolysis of proteins of visceras from red tilapia (Oreochromis sp.): effect of substrate and enzyme concentration. Vitae 25(1), 17–25 (2018). https://doi.org/10.17533/udea.vitae.v25n1a03
P.M. Nielsen, D. Petersen, C. Dambmann, Improved method for determining food protein degree of hydrolysis. J. Food Sci. 66, 642–646 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.2001.tb04614.x
A.G.B. Wouters, I. Rombouts, E. Fierens, K. Brijs, Ch. Blecker, J.A. Delcour, B.S. Murray, Foaming and air-water interfacial characteristics of solutions containing both gluten hydrolysate and egg white protein. Food Hydrocoll. 77, 176–186 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2017.09.033
F.C. Church, H.E. Swaisgood, D.H. Porter, G.L. Catignani, Spectrophotometric assay using o-phthaldialdehyde for determination of proteolysis in milk and isolated milk proteins. J. Dairy Sci. 66, 1219–1227 (1983). https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(83)81926-2
H. Schägger, G. von Jagow, Tricine-sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for the separation of proteins in the range from 1 to 100 kDa. Anal. Biochem. 166, 368–379 (1987). https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(87)90587-2
Y. Xia, F. Bamdad, M. Gänzle, L. Chen, Fractionation and characterization of antioxidant peptides derived from barley glutelin by enzymatic hydrolysis. Food Chem. 134, 1509–1518 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.03.063
Y. Ngoh, C.H. Gan, Enzyme-assisted extraction and identification of antioxidative and α-amylase inhibitory peptides from Pinto beans (Phaseolus vulgaris cv. Pinto). Food Chem. 190, 331–337 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.05.120
G.L. Miller, Use of dinitrosalicylic acid reagent for determination of reducing sugar. Anal. Chem. 31(3), 426–428 (1959). https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60147a030
A. Meillisa, E.A. Siahaan, J.N. Park, HCh. Woo, B.S. Chun, Effect of subcritical water hydrolysate in the brown seaweed Saccharina japonica as a potential antibacterial agent on food-borne pathogens. J. Appl. Phycol. 25, 763–769 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-013-9973-y
M. Balouiri, M. Sadiki, S. Koraichi Ibnsouda, Methods for in vitro evaluating antimicrobial activity: a review. J. Pharm. Anal. (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpha.2015.11.005
X. Kong, H. Zhou, H. Qian, Enzymatic preparation and functional properties of wheat gluten hydrolysates. Food Chem. 101, 615–620 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.01.057
M.B. Elmalimadi, A.B. Stefanovića, N.Z. Sekuljica, M.G. Zuza, N.D. Luković, J.R. Jovanović, Z.D. Knezević-Jugović, The synergistic effect of heat treatment on alcalase-assisted hydrolysis of wheat gluten proteins: functional and antioxidant properties. J. Food Process. Preserv. 1(5), e13207 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1111/jfpp.13207
J. Wang, M.M. Zhao, Q.Z.H. Zhao, Y. Bao, Y.M. Jiang, Characterization of hydrolysates derived from enzymatic hydrolysis of wheat gluten. J. Food Sci. 72, C103–C107 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-3841.2006.00247.x
M. Aider, Potential applications of ficin in the production of traditional cheeses and protein hydrolysates. JDS Commun. 2(5), 233–237 (2021). https://doi.org/10.3168/jdsc.2020-0073
R. Morellon-Sterling, H. El-Siar, L.O. Tavano, Á. Berenguer-Murcia, R. Fernández-Lafuente, Ficin: a protease extract with relevance in biotechnology and biocatalysis. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 162, 394–404 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.144
A.G. Wouters, I. Rombouts, E. Fierens, K. Brijs, J.A. Delcour, Relevance of the functional properties of enzymatic plant protein hydrolysates in food systems. Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf. 15(4), 786–800 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12209
W. He, R. Yang, W. Zhao, Effect of acid deamidation-alcalase hydrolysis induced modification on functional and bitter-masking properties of wheat gluten hydrolysates. Food Chem. 277, 655–663 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.11.004
R. Jahanbani, S.M. Ghaffari, M. Salami, K. Vahdati, H. Sepehri, N. Namazi Sarvestani, N. Sheibani, A.A. Moosavi-Movahedi, Antioxidant and anticancer activities of walnut (Juglans regia L.) protein hydrolysates using different proteases. Plant Foods Hum. Nutr. 71(4), 402–409 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11130-016-0576-z
B. Lagrain, I. Rombouts, H. Wieser, J.A. Delcour, P. Koehler, A reassessment of the electrophoretic mobility of high molecular weight glutenin subunits of wheat. J. Cereal Sci. 56, 726–732 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2012.08.003
K.X. Zhu, C.Y. Su, X.N. Guo, W. Peng, H.M. Zhou, Influence of ultrasound during wheat gluten hydrolysis on the antioxidant activities of the resulting hydrolysate. Int. J. Food Sci. Technol. 46, 1053–1059 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.2011.02585.x
M. Chalamaiah, T. Jyothirmayi, P.V. Diwan, K.B. Dinesh, Antioxidant activity and functional properties of enzymatic protein hydrolysates from common carp (Cyprinus carpio) roe (egg). J. Food Sci. Technol. 52(9), 5817–5825 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-015-1714-6
H. Agrawal, R. Joshi, M. Gupta, Isolation, purification and characterization of antioxidative peptide of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) protein hydrolysate. Food Chem. 204, 365–372 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.02.127
J. Cotabarren, A. Rosso, M. Tellechea, J. Garcia Pardo, J. Lorenzo, W. Obregón, M. Parisi, Adding value to the chia (Salvia hispanica L.) expeller: production of bioactive peptides with antioxidant properties by enzymatic hydrolysis with Papain. Food Chem. 274, 848–856 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.09.061
A. Abbas, F. Anwar, S.M. Alqahtani, N. Ahmad, S.H. Al-Mijalli, M. Shahid, M. Iqbal, Hydro-distilled and supercritical fluid extraction of Eucalyptus camaldulensis essential oil: characterization of bioactives along with antioxidant, antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities. Dose-Response (2022). https://doi.org/10.1177/15593258221125477
M. Mirzaei, S. Mirdamadi, M.R. Ehsani, M. Aminlari, Production of antioxidant and ACE-inhibitory peptides from Kluyveromyces marxianus protein hydrolysates: purification and molecular docking. J. Food Drug Anal. 26(2), 696–705 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfda.2017.07.008
M. Sbroggio, M. Montilha, V. Figueiredo, S. Georgetti, L. Kurozawa, Influence of the degree of hydrolysis and type of enzyme on antioxidant activity of okara protein hydrolysates. Food Sci. Technol. (Campinas) (2016). https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-457X.000216
M. Nikoo, S. Benjakul, M. Yasemi, H. Ahmadi Gavlighi, X. Xu, Hydrolysates from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) processing by-product with different pretreatments: antioxidant activity and their effect on lipid and protein oxidation of raw fish emulsion. LWT 108, 120–128 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbio.2019.100418
R.A. Sarteshnizi, M.A. Sahari, H. Ahmadi Gavlighi, J.M. Regenstein, M. Nikoo, C.H.C. Udenigwe, Influence of fish protein hydrolysate-pistachio green hull extract interactions on antioxidant activity and inhibition of α-glucosidase, α-amylase, and DPP-IV enzymes. LWT 142, 111019 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2021.111019
C.E. Salas, J.A. Badillo-Corona, G. Ramírez-Sotelo, C. Oliver-Salvador, Biologically active and antimicrobial peptides from plants. Biomed. Res. Int. (2015). https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/102129
P. Lestari, Suyata, Antibacterial activity of hydrolysate protein from Etawa goat milk hydrolysed by crude extract bromelain. Mater. Sci. Eng. 509, 012111 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/509/1/012111
A. Abbas, F. Anwar, N. Ahmad, Variation in physico-chemical composition and biological attributes of common basil essential oils produced by hydro-distillation and super critical fluid extraction. J. Essent. Oil Bear. Plants 20(1), 95–109 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1080/0972060X.2017.1280418
M. Roy, A. Sarker, M.A.K. Azad, M.R. Shaheb, M.M. Hoque, Evaluation of antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of dark red kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) protein hydrolysates. Food Meas. 14, 303–313 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11694-019-00292-4
M. Salami, A.A. Moosavi-Movahedi, M.R. Ehsani, R. Yousefi, T. Haertle, J.M. Chobert, Improvement of the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of camel and bovine whey proteins by limited proteolysis. J. Agric. Food Chem. 58, 3297–3302 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1021/jf9033283
L.A. Tejano, J.P. Peralta, E.E.S. Yap, Y.W. Chang, Bioactivities of enzymatic protein hydrolysates derived from Chlorella sorokiniana. Food Sci. Nutr. 7, 2381–2390 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.1097
E.C.N. Rathnapala, D.U. Ahn, E.D.N.S. Abeyrathne, Enzymatic hydrolysis of ovotransferrin and the functional properties of its hydrolysates. Food Sci. Anim. Resour. 41(4), 608–622 (2021). https://doi.org/10.5851/kosfa.2021.e19
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to acknowledge Tarbiat Modares University for their support.
Funding
This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
MS-A: Conceptualization; Data curation; Formal analysis; Funding acquisition; Investigation; Methodology; Project administration; Resources; Software; Visualization; Writing. M-HA: Conceptualization; Formal analysis; Funding acquisition; Methodology; Project administration; Resources; Supervision; Validation. MS: Conceptualization; Formal analysis; Funding acquisition; Methodology; Resources; Supervision; Validation.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors confirm that they have no conflicts of interest with respect to the work described in this manuscript.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Seyedain-Ardabili, M., Azizi, MH. & Salami, M. Evaluation of antioxidant, α-amylase-inhibitory and antimicrobial activities of wheat gluten hydrolysates produced by ficin protease. Food Measure 17, 2892–2903 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11694-023-01829-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11694-023-01829-4