Abstract
The phytonutrient extract helps in the development and manufacturing of nutraceuticals and food additives. Some of these secondary metabolites, such as polyphenol, anthocyanins, carotenoids, flavonoids, phytosterols, terpenoids, and others, are extracted from plants. These phytonutrients provide many health benefits like prevention and treatment of a variety of diseases such as cardiovascular disease, neurological disorders, atherosclerosis, certain cancers, and diabetes. Traditional extraction methods such as Soxhlet, maceration, decoction, percolation and infusions are still used, but significant improvements can be made by using novel or greener extraction methods, including accelerated solvent extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, and enzyme-assisted extraction. Once extracted, these phytonutrients can be utilised in the cosmetic, nutraceuticals, pharmaceutical, or food industries, with the later focusing on improving food quality. This article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the various techniques used in the extraction and isolation of phytonutrients. Additionally, this article describes the advantages, disadvantages, practical examples, and a comparative study of these processes.
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Abbreviations
- MAE:
-
Microwave assisted extraction
- SFE:
-
Supercritical fluid extraction
- UAE:
-
Ultrasound assisted extraction
- CSE:
-
Conventional solvent extraction
- SE:
-
Soxhlet extraction
- SC-CO2 :
-
Supercritical carbon dioxide
- ME:
-
Maceration extraction
- MP:
-
Microwave power
- W:
-
Watt
- SE:
-
Soxhlet Extraction
- CS:
-
Co-solvent
- UP:
-
Ultrasonic power
- RE:
-
Reflux extraction
- S/F:
-
Solvent-to-feed ratio
- F:
-
Frequency
- Tc:
-
Critical temperature
- Rpm:
-
Revolutions per minute
- RFX:
-
Reflux temperature extraction
- Ar:
-
Aryl
- NL:
-
Neolignans
- TPC:
-
Total phenolic content
- TFC:
-
Total flavonoid contents
- RSM:
-
Response surface methodology
- BBD:
-
Box–Behnken Design
- GC-FID:
-
Gas chromatography coupled with flame-ionization detection
- UHPLC–QTOF/MS:
-
Ultra-high-performance liquid–chromatography coupled with quadrupole time of-flight mass spectrometry
- HPLC–ESI-QTOF-MS:
-
High performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry
- GC:
-
Gas–liquid chromatograph
- ORAC:
-
Oxygen radical absorbance capacity
- MTT:
-
3-[4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide
- SEM:
-
Scanning electron microscope
- DPPH:
-
2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl
- HPLC:
-
High performance liquid chromatography
- FTIR:
-
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
- HPLC-DAD:
-
High performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection
- GCMS:
-
Gas-chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry
- ABTS:
-
2,2-Azinobis (3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)
- FRAP:
-
Ferric reducing antioxidant power
- TLC:
-
Thin layer chromatography
- LC–MS:
-
Liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry
- LC–MS/MS:
-
Liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry
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BK conceptualized the review. BK, PKC, KD and VK developed the protocol and wrote the review. PKC, KD and VK supervised the writing. JOI reviewed the technical content, developed and improved the paper structure. This paper has been supported by the RUDN University Strategic, Academic Leadership Program.
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Khongthaw, B., Chauhan, P.K., Dulta, K. et al. A comparison of conventional and novel phytonutrient extraction techniques from various sources and their potential applications. Food Measure 17, 1317–1342 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11694-022-01697-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11694-022-01697-4