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In Vitro and In Vivo Anti-parasitic Activity of Sambucus ebulus and Feijoa sellowiana Extracts Silver Nanoparticles on Toxoplasma gondii Tachyzoites

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Abstract

Background

Current chemical treatments for toxoplasmosis have side effects, researchers are looking for herbal remedies with minimal side effects and the best effectiveness. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-toxoplasmic effects of silver nanoparticles based on Sambucus ebulus (Ag-NPs-S. ebulus) and Feijoa sellowiana (Ag-NPs-F. sellowiana) fruit extracts, in vitro and in vivo.

Methods

Vero cells were treated with different concentrations (0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 40 μg/mL) of extracts and pyrimethamine as a positive control. Vero cells were infected with T. gondii and treated with extracts. The infection index and intracellular proliferation of T. gondii were evaluated. The survival rate of infected mice with tachyzoites of T. gondii was examined after intraperitoneal injection of the extracts at a dose of 40 mg/kg/day for 5 days after infection.

Results

The Ag-NPs-S. ebulus and Ag-NPs-F. sellowiana, almost similar to pyrimethamine, reduced proliferation index when compared to untreated group. Also, high toxoplasmicidal activity was observed with Ag-NPs-S. ebulus extract. Mice in the treatment groups of Ag-NPs-S. ebulus and pyrimethamine achieved better results in terms of survival than the others.

Conclusion

The results indicated that Ag-NPs-F. sellowiana and S. ebulus have a significant growth effect on T. gondii in vitro and in vivo. Ag-NPs-S. ebulus extract has a more lethal effect on the parasite than Ag-NPs-F. sellowiana. It is suggested that in future investigate the induction of Toxoplasma-infected cell apoptosis using nanoparticles.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank the officials of the Parasitology and Mycology Research Laboratory of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, as well as Dr. Zahra Hashemi for their preparation of nanoparticles synthesized from S. ebulus and F. sellowiana plant extracts.

Funding

This research received no specific grant from any funding agency, commercial or not-for-profit sectors.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran

    Akram Hematizadeh, Shahabeddin Sarvi, Mitra Sadeghi, Ahmad Daryani, Shirzad Gholami, Tooran Nayeri & Seyed Abdollah Hosseini

  2. Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran

    Mohammad Ali Ebrahimzadeh

  3. Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran

    Akram Hematizadeh & Mitra Sadeghi

  4. Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, 18 Km of Khazar Abad Road, Sari, Iran

    Shahabeddin Sarvi, Ahmad Daryani, Shirzad Gholami & Seyed Abdollah Hosseini

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  1. Akram Hematizadeh
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Contributions

SAH, MAE, AD and MS were involved in designing the research. AH, MS carried out the experiments. MS, SAH and TN drafted the article. SAH and AD critically revised the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Seyed Abdollah Hosseini.

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The project was done according to the institutional animal ethics guidelines which were approved by the ethic 301 committee of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences (MUMSEC) (Ethics No. 302 IR.MAZUMS.REC.1399.730).

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Hematizadeh, A., Ebrahimzadeh, M.A., Sarvi, S. et al. In Vitro and In Vivo Anti-parasitic Activity of Sambucus ebulus and Feijoa sellowiana Extracts Silver Nanoparticles on Toxoplasma gondii Tachyzoites. Acta Parasit. 68, 557–565 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11686-023-00689-8

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