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Biogeographic divergence in leaf traits of Sapindus mukorossi and Sapindus delavayi and its relation to climate

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Abstract

To explore differences in leaf morphology between Sapindus mukorossi and Sapindus delavayi, and how the environment might drive these differences, 80 germplasm samples from the Sapindus germplasm nursery in Fujian Province were selected. The study revealed a wide variation and diversity in 16 germplasm traits, both within and between species grown under the same conditions. On average, the relative contribution of intraspecific variability to total variability was more important (83%) than the relative contribution of interspecific variability (17%). PERMANOVA analysis showed differences in leaflet thickness, length, perimeter, length to width ratio, and leaf hairs or trichome density. Correlation analyses between leaf morphological traits and environmental variables indicated that leaves tended to be larger, longer, and thicker in wetter, warmer, and low-altitude conditions. Our analysis of the relationship between climate and leaf morphology revealed that S. mukorossi had a greater sensitivity to climate variation, particularly in response to mean temperatures of the coldest and warmest seasons, which led to differences in leaf traits and the distribution of the two species. These findings contribute to the understanding of leaf morphology variations in S. mukorossi and S. delavayi, and provide a basis for the collection of Sapindus germplasm resources, their cultivation and use to help address climate change.

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Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Note Pairwise comparisons are a color gradient denoting Spearman’s correlation coefficient. Only results that had statistical significance (P < 0.05) are in color, and ‘***’ represents P < 0.01. Lon longitude, Lat latitude, Al altitude; Bio1 annual mean temperature, Bio2 mean diurnal range, Bio3 isothermality, Bio4: temperature seasonality, Bio7 temperature annual range, Bio8 mean temperature of wettest quarter, Bio9 mean temperature of driest quarter, Bio10 mean temperature of warmest quarter, Bio11 mean temperature of coldest quarter, Bio15 precipitation seasonality, Bio16 precipitation of wettest quarter, Bio17 precipitation of driest quarter, Bio18 precipitation of warmest quarter, Bio19 precipitation of coldest quarter, Bio20 solar radiation; LL leaflet length, LW leaflet width, LA leaflet area, LS leaflet shape index, LP leaflet perimeter, L/w leaflet length to width ratio, LSL rachis length, LT leaflet thickness, HD leaflet epidermal hair density, LPC petiolule color, LLC leaflet number; LOD leaflet overlap degree; LC leaflet color, LG foliar luster; LV leaflet venation

Fig. 4

Note Pairwise comparisons of environmental factors are in color denoting Spearman’s correlation coefficient; leaf trait distribution was related to each environmental factor by partial Mantel tests. Edge width corresponds to the Mantel’s r statistic, and edge color denotes the statistical significance based on 9999 permutations

Fig. 5

Note Green vectors point to the direction of the increase for a given variable so that germplasms with similar environmental variable profiles and morphological traits are localized in similar positions in the diagram. Bio10 mean temperature of warmest quarter, Bio11 mean temperature of coldest quarter, Bio18 precipitation of warmest quarter

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Acknowledgements

We are grateful to the team of Yuanhua Forestry Biotechnology Co., Ltd., for providing the forestry materials and for assistance, and textcheck (http://www.textcheck.com/text/page/index) for polishing the English text of a draft of this manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Key Laboratory of Silviculture and Conservation of the Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People’s Republic of China

    Xin Wang, Jiming Liu, Xue Rui, Yuanyuan Xu, Guochun Zhao, Lixian Wang, Zhong Chen & Liming Jia

  2. Yuanhua Forestry Biological Technology Co., Ltd., Sanming, 650216, Fujian, People’s Republic of China

    Xuehuang Weng

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  1. Xin Wang
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Correspondence to Liming Jia.

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Project funding: This work was supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China (2015ZCQ-LX-02 2017-LYSJWJ-1).

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Corresponding editor: Yanbo Hu.

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Wang, X., Liu, J., Rui, X. et al. Biogeographic divergence in leaf traits of Sapindus mukorossi and Sapindus delavayi and its relation to climate. J. For. Res. 32, 1445–1456 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11676-020-01206-7

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