Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Effect of Nickel Content on Microstructural Evolution in Austempered Solution-Strengthened Ferritic Ductile Cast Iron

  • Published:
Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The effects of Ni content and austempering temperature on microstructural evolution during austempering in solution-strengthened ferritic ductile cast iron with Ni contents between 0 and 1.1 mass% were investigated. The microstructure observation for the samples austempered at temperatures between 375 and 325 °C using an infrared gold image furnace was carried out with optical microscopy, x-ray diffraction measurements, and electron back-scattered diffraction pattern (EBSP) analysis. In addition, the Vickers hardness of both the austempered and as-quenched samples was measured under a load of 0.9807 N. According to the microstructure observations, the matrix of the samples austempered at temperatures between 375 and 325 °C exhibited finer acicular ferrite microstructure with increasing Ni content. Optical microscopy and EBSP analysis revealed that the amount of high-carbon austenite phase for the austempered samples increased with increasing Ni content and austempering temperature. Although samples with higher Ni content were found to contain more high-carbon austenite phase in the matrix, the Vickers hardness of the samples tended to increase with increasing Ni content at the same austempering temperature. The reason for this may be the higher carbon content in the matrix of the samples with higher Ni contents.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Y. Tanaka and H. Kage, Development and Application of Austempered Spheroidal Graphite Cast Iron, Mater. Trans., JIM, 1992, 33(6), p 543–557

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. J. Dodd, High Strength, High ductility, Ductile irons, Mod. Cast., 1978, 68(5), p 60–66

    Google Scholar 

  3. R.B. Gundlach and J.F. Janowak, Development of a Ductile Iron for Commercial Austempering, AFS Trans., 1983, 94, p 377–388

    Google Scholar 

  4. R.A. Harding and G.N.J. Gilbert, Why the Properties of Austempered Ductile Irons Should Interest Engineers, Br. Foundryman, 1986, 79, p 489–496

    Google Scholar 

  5. J.L. Doong and C. Chen, Fracture Toughness of Bainitic Nodular Cast Iron, Fatigue Fract. Eng. Mater. Struct., 1989, 12(2), p 155–165

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. S.K. Putatunda and I. Singh, Fracture Toughness of Unalloyed Austempered Ductile Cast Iron (ADI), J. Test. Eval., 1995, 23(5), p 325–332

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. P.P. Rao and S.K. Putatunda, Influence of Microstructure on Fracture Toughness of Austempered Ductile Iron, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 1997, 28(7), p 1457–1470

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. P.P. Rao and S.K. Putatunda, Comparative Study of Fracture Toughness of Austempered Ductile Irons with Upper and Lower Ausferrite Microstructures, Mater. Sci. Technol., 1998, 14(12), p 1257–1265

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. P.P. Rao and S.K. Putatunda, Dependence of Fracture Toughness of Austempered Ductile Iron on Austempering Temperature, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 1998, 29(12), p 3005–3016

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. I. Schmidt and A. Schuchert, Unlubricated Sliding Wear of Austempered Ductile Iron, Z. Metallkd., 1987, 78(12), p 871–875

    Google Scholar 

  11. T. Kobayashi and H. Yamamoto, Development of High Toughness in Austempered Type Ductile Cast Iron and Evaluation of Its Properties, Metall. Trans. A, 1988, 19(2), p 319–327

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Y. Mi, Effect of Cu, Mo, Si on the Content of Retained Austenite of Austempered Ductile Iron, Scr. Metall. Mater., 1995, 32(9), p 1313–1317

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. J. Yang and S.K. Putatunda, Improvement in Strength and Toughness of Austempered Ductile Cast Iron by a Novel Two-Step Austempering Process, Mater. Des., 2004, 25(3), p 219–230

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. A.S. Benam, Effect of Alloying Elements on Austempered Ductile Iron (ADI) Properties and Its Process: Review, China Foundry, 2015, 12(1), p 54–70

    Google Scholar 

  15. S. Panneerselvam, C.J. Martis, S.K. Putatunda, and J.M. Boileau, An Investigation on the Stability of Austenite in Austempered Ductile Cast Iron (ADI), Mater. Sci. Eng., A, 2015, 626, p 237–246

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. S. Panneerselvam, S.K. Putatunda, R. Gundlach, and J. Boileau, Influence of Intercritical Austempering on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Austempered Ductile Cast Iron (ADI), Mater. Sci. Eng., A, 2017, 694, p 72–80

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. P. Sellamuthu, D.G. Harris Samuel, D. Dinakaran, V.P. Premkumar, Z. Li, and S. Seetharaman, Austempered Ductile Iron (ADI): Influence of Austempering Temperature on Microstructure, Mechanical and Wear Properties and Energy Consumption, Metals, 2018, 8(1), art. no. 53

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. R. Larker, Solution Strengthened Ferritic Ductile Iron ISO 1083/JS/500-10 Provides Superior Consistent Properties in Hydraulic Rotators, China Foundry, 2009, 6(4), p 343–351

    Google Scholar 

  19. T. Tokunaga, T. Furukawa, and H. Era, Effect of Ni Content on the Ferrite-to-Austenite Transformation during Austenitising in Spheroidal Graphite Cast Iron, Reports of the 167th JFS Meeting, 2015, p 63–64 (in Japanese)

  20. K. Shinoda and T. Yamada, Mechanical Properties of a Si-Mn Steel with Mixed Structure of Bainite and Retained Austenite, J. Jpn. Soc. Heat Treat., 1980, 20(7), p 326–330 (in Japanese)

    Google Scholar 

  21. K. Tsuzaki and T. Maki, Stabilization of Austenite in Steels, J. Jpn. Soc. Heat Treat., 1992, 32(1), p 10–15 (in Japanese)

    Google Scholar 

  22. H.K.D.H. Bhadeshia and R.W.K. Honeycombe, Steels, Microstructure and Properties, 3rd ed., Butterworth-Heinemann, Burlington, 2006, p 146–147

    Google Scholar 

  23. K. Ogi, A. Sawamoto, and J. Hiwatashi, Transformation Process and Behavior of Carbon in Austempering Heat Treatment of Spheroidal Graphite Cast Iron, J. JFS., 1988, 60(4), p 233–239 (in Japanese)

    Google Scholar 

  24. H.K.D.H. Bhadeshia, Bainite in Steels, Theory and Practice, 3rd ed., Maney Publishing, Leeds, 2015, p 446

    Google Scholar 

  25. F.B. Pickering, Physical Metallurgy and the Design of Steels, Applied Science Publishers, London, 1983, p 12

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful to Hinode, Ltd., Japan, for providing the materials used in this study.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 1-1, Sensui-cho, Tobata-ku, Kitakyushu, 804-8550, Japan

    Tatsuya Tokunaga & Hidenori Era

  2. Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 1-1, Sensui-cho, Tobata-ku, Kitakyushu, 804-8550, Japan

    Yeong-Jin Kim

Authors
  1. Tatsuya Tokunaga
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Yeong-Jin Kim
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Hidenori Era
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Tatsuya Tokunaga.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Tokunaga, T., Kim, YJ. & Era, H. Effect of Nickel Content on Microstructural Evolution in Austempered Solution-Strengthened Ferritic Ductile Cast Iron. J. of Materi Eng and Perform 28, 4034–4040 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-019-04184-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-019-04184-y

Keywords

Search

Navigation