Abstract
The deformation behaviors of FSW blank are complicated due to the incompatibility of the mechanical property and microstructure for the weld and base material. In order to improve the formability of friction stir welded (FSW) blanks, the weld and base material in this paper were subjected to preheating treatments of 250, 300, 350, 400, and 450 °C, plus a solution treatment of 535 °C. The deformation behavior of the AA2219 FSW blank was characterized using uniaxial tension, microhardness test, hydro-bulging test and electron backscattered diffraction to determine the relationship of the deformation property and microstructure for the FSW blanks. Full strain fields of the tensile and bulging specimens were used to analyze the deformation uniformity of the weld and base material under uniaxial tension and biaxial tension stress states. With the limiting bulging height under various preheating temperatures, the formability behavior of the weld and base material was analyzed during the whole bulging process. The optimum preheating temperature can increase the formability and refrain from abnormal grain growth of the weld on the premise of maintaining the weld strength. The limiting bulging height of FSW blank is obviously improved by the lower preheating temperature from 300 to 350 °C. Additionally, the weld position has a significant impact on the deformation of the whole FSW blanks.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
R. Ghosh, A. Venugopal, G.S. Rao, P.R. Narayanan, B. Pant, and R.M. Cherian, Effect of Temper Condition on the Corrosion and Fatigue Performance of AA2219 Aluminum Alloy, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2018, 27, p 423–433
W.F. Xu, J.H. Liu, and D.L. Chen, Influence of Test Temperature on the Tensile Properties along the Thickness in a Friction Stir Welded Aluminum Alloy, J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2015, 31, p 953–961
T.R. McNelley, S. Swaminathan, and J.Q. Su, Recrystallization Mechanisms During Friction Stir Welding/Processing of Aluminum Alloys, Scr. Mater., 2008, 58, p 349–354
I. Charita and R.S. Mishra, Abnormal Grain Growth in Friction Stir Processed Alloys, Scr. Mater., 2008, 58, p 367–371
P.S. Chen, V. Bradford, and C. Russell, Effects of Annealing Process on the Formability of Friction Stir Welded Al-Li alloy 2195 Plates, Acobs Sverdrup ESTS Group/Qualis Corporation EM30 & EM10/NASA-Marshall Space Flight Center, 2011, p. 1–23
K.A.A. Hassan, A.F. Norman, D.A. Price, and P.B. Prangnell, Stability of Nugget Zone Grain Structures in High Strength Al Alloy Friction Stir Welds During Solution Treatment, Acta Mater., 2003, 51, p 1923–1936
N. Babu, M.J. Davidson, A. Rao, K. Balasubramanian, and M. Govindaraju, Effect of Differential Heat Treatment on the Formability of Aluminum Tailor Welded Blanks, Mater. Des., 2014, 55, p 35–42
Z.B. Wang, Z.B. He, X.B. Fan, L. Zhou, Y.L. Lin, and S.J. Yuan, High Temperature Deformation Behavior of Friction Stir Welded 2024-T4 Aluminum Alloy Sheets, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2017, 247, p 184–191
D. Kim, W. Lee, J.H. Kim, C.M. Kim, and K. Chung, Formability Evaluation of Friction Stir Welded 6111-T4 Sheet with Respect to Joining Material Direction, Int. J. Mech. Sci., 2010, 52, p 612–625
D. Sanders, P. Edwards, G. Grant, M. Ramulu, and A. Reynolds, Superplastically Formed Friction Stir Welded Tailored Aluminum and Titanium Blanks for Aerospace Applications, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2010, 19, p 515–520
R.S. Korouyeh, H.M. Naeini, M.J. Torkamany, and G.H. Liaghat, Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of Thickness Ratio Effect on the Formability of Tailor Welded Blank, Opt. Laser Technol., 2013, 51, p 24–31
D. Kim, W. Lee, J. Kim, K.H. Chung, C. Kim, K. Okamoto, R.H. Wagoner, and K. Chung, Macro-Performance Evaluation of Friction Stir Welded Automotive Tailor-Welded Blank Sheets: Part II-Formability, Int. J. Solids Struct., 2010, 47, p 1063–1081
Z.L. Hu, S.J. Yuan, X.S. Wang, G. Liu, and Y.X. Huang, Effect of Post-weld Heat Treatment on the Microstructure and Plastic Deformation Behavior of Friction Stir Welded 2024, Mater. Des., 2011, 32, p 5055–5060
W. Lee, K.H. Chung, D. Kim, J. Kim, C. Kim, K. Okamoto, R.H. Wagoner, and K. Chung, Experimental and Numerical Study on Formability of Friction Stir Welded TWB Sheets Based on Hemispherical Dome Stretch Tests, Int. J. Plast, 2009, 25, p 1626–1654
S. Kim, J. Lee, F. Barlat, and M.G. Lee, Formability Prediction of Advanced High Strength Steels Using Constitutive Models Characterized by Uniaxial and Biaxial Experiments, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2013, 213, p 1929–1942
Y.C. Chen, J.C. Feng, and H.J. Liu, Stability of the Grain Structure in 2219-O Aluminum Alloy Friction Stir Welds During Solution Treatment, Mater. Charact., 2007, 58, p 174–178
H.J. Liu, H. Fujii, M. Maeda, and K. Nogi, Tensile Properties and Fracture Locations of Friction Stir Welded Joints of 2017-T351 Aluminum Alloy, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2003, 142, p 692–696
M.M. Attallaha and H.G. Salem, Friction Stir Welding Parameters: A Tool for Controlling Abnormal Grain Growth During Subsequent Heat Treatment, Mater. Sci. Eng., A, 2005, 391, p 51–59
M. Ahmadnia, A. Seidanloo, R. Teimouri, Y. Rostamiyan, and G.K. Titrashi, Determining Influence of Ultrasonic-assisted Friction Stir Welding Parameters on Mechanical and Tribological Properties of AA6061 Joints, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol., 2015, 78, p 2009–2024
P.L. Niu, W.Y. Li, Z.H. Zhang, and X.W. Yang, Global and Local Constitutive Behaviors of Friction Stir Welded AA2024 Joints, J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2017, 33, p 987–990
S.J. Yuan, Z.L. Hu, X.S. Wang, G. Liu, and H.J. Liu, Effect of Post-weld Annealing Treatment on Plastic Deformation of 2024 Friction-Stir-Welded Joints, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2012, 21, p 920–926
G.N. Chu, L. Sun, C.Y. Lin, and Y.L. Lin, Effect of Local Post Weld Heat Treatment on Tensile Properties in Friction Stir Welded 2219-O Al Alloy, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2017, 26, p 5425–5431
A.A. Zadpoor, J. Sinke, and R. Benedictus, Fracture Mechanism of Aluminum Friction Stir Welded Blanks, Int. J. Mater. Form., 2009, 1, p 319–322
A.E. Abdullah, R.K. Abdel-Magied, and M.N. Elsheikh, Experimental Investigation of Formability of Al-1050 Tailor-Welded Blanks, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol., 2017, 89, p 791–801
H.R. Shakeri, A. Buste, M.J. Worswick, J.A. Clarke, F. Feng, M. Jain, and M. Finn, Study of Damage Initiation and Fracture in Aluminum Tailor Welded Blanks Made via Different Welding Techniques, J. Light Met., 2002, 2, p 95–110
S. Malarvizhi and V. Balasubramanian, Effects of Welding Processes and Post-weld Aging Treatment on Fatigue Behavior of AA2219 Aluminium Alloy Joints, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2011, 20, p 359–367
O.G. Rivera, P.G. Allison, L.N. Brewer, O.L. Rodriguez, J.B. Jordon, T. Liu, W.R. Whittington, R.L. Martens, Z. McClellanda, C.J.T. Mason, L. Garcia, J.Q. Su, and N. Hardwick, Influence of Texture and Grain Refinement on the Mechanical Behavior of AA2219 Fabricated by High Shear Solid State Material Deposition, Mater. Sci. Eng., A, 2018, 724, p 547–558
U.F.H.R. Suhuddin, S. Mironov, Y.S. Sato, and H. Kokawa, Grain Structure and Texture Evolution during Friction Stir Welding of Thin 6016 Aluminum Alloy Sheets, Mater. Sci. Eng., A, 2010, 527, p 1962–1969
M. Imam, V. Racherla, K. Biswas, H. Fujii, V. Chintapenta, Y. Sun, and Y. Morisada, Microstructure-Property Relation and Evolution in Friction Stir Welding of Naturally Aged 6063 Aluminium Alloy, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol., 2017, 91, p 1753–1769
P.J. Ramulu, R.G. Narayanan, and S.V. Kailas, Forming Limit Investigation of Friction Stir Welded Sheets: Influence of Shoulder Diameter and Plunge Depth, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol., 2013, 69, p 2757–2772
J. Li, S.S. Nayak, E. Biro, S.K. Panda, F. Goodwin, and Y. Zhou, Effects of Weld Line Position and Geometry on the Formability of Laser Welded High Strength Low Alloy and Dual-Phase Steel Blanks, Mater. Des., 2013, 52, p 757–766
S. Entesari, A. Abdollah-zadeh, N. Habibi, and A. Mehri, Experimental and Numerical Investigations into the Failure Mechanisms of Friction Stir Welded AA7075-T6 Thin Sheets, J. Manuf. Process., 2017, 29, p 74–84
R.K. Kesharwani, S.K. Panda, and S.K. Pal, Experimental Investigations on Formability of Aluminum Tailor Friction Stir Welded Blanks in Deep Drawing Process, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2015, 24, p 1038–1049
A.A. Zadpoor, J. Sinke, and R. Benedictus, Finite Element Modeling and Failure Prediction of Friction Stir Welded Blanks, Mater. Des., 2009, 30, p 1423–1434
E. Cerri and P. Leo, Influence of High Temperature Thermal Treatment on Grain Stability and Mechanical Properties of Medium Strength Aluminium Alloy Friction Stir Welds, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2013, 213, p 75–83
R.K. Kesharwani, S. Basak, S.K. Panda, and S.K. Pal, Improvement in Limiting Drawing Ratio of Aluminum Tailored Friction Stir Welded Blanks Using Modified Conical Tractrix Die, J. Manuf. Process., 2017, 28, p 137–155
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the financial support from the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No. 2017YFB0306304) and National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. U1637209).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Liu, W., Cheng, W., Xu, Y. et al. Enhancing Formability of AA2219 Aluminum Alloy Friction Stir Welded Blanks with Preheating Treatment. J. of Materi Eng and Perform 27, 4819–4828 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-018-3544-y
Received:
Revised:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-018-3544-y