Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Effect of Cold Rolling and Heat Treatment on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Ti-4Al-1Mn Titanium Alloy

  • Published:
Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Mechanical behavior of Ti-4Al-1Mn titanium alloy has been studied in annealed, cold-rolled and heat-treated conditions. Room temperature tensile strength as well as % elongation has been found to be low with increasing amount of cold rolling. Lowering of strength in cold worked condition is attributed to premature failure. However, the same has been mitigated after heat treatment. Significant effect of cooling media (air and water) from heat treatment temperature on microstructure was not found except for the degree of fineness of α plates. Optimum properties (strength as well as ductility) were exhibited by samples subjected to 15% cold rolling and heat treatment below β transus temperature, which can be attributed to presence of recrystallized microstructure. In cold worked condition, the microstructure shows fine fragmented α plates/Widmanstätten morphology with high dislocation density along with a large amount of strain fields and twinning, which gets transformed to recrystallized equiaxed microstructure and with plate-like morphology after near β heat treatment. Prior cold work is found to have a significant effect on mechanical properties supported by evolution of microstructure. Twinning is found to be assisting in deformation as well as in recrystallization through the formation of deformation and annealing twins during cold working and heat treatment. Fracture analysis of the tested sample with prior cold work and heat-treated condition revealed quasi-ductile failure as compared to only ductile failure features seen for samples heat treated without prior cold work.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15
Fig. 16
Fig. 17
Fig. 18
Fig. 19
Fig. 20
Fig. 21
Fig. 22
Fig. 23

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. V.N. Moiseyev, Structural Titanium Alloys in Modern Mechanical Engineering, Met. Sci. Heat Treat., 2004, 46, p 115–120

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. M.J. Donachie, Jr., Titanium: A Technical Guide, ASM International, Metals Park, 2000

    Google Scholar 

  3. V.N. Moiseyev, Titanium Alloys Russian Aircraft and Aerospace Applications, CRC Press, Florida, 1975, p 86–90

    Google Scholar 

  4. Z. Chen, I.P. Jones, and C.J. Small, Laves Phase in Ti-42Al-10Mn Alloy, Scr. Mater., 1996, 35(1), p 23–27

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. X.J. Tian, S.Q. Zhang, and H.M. Wang, The Influences of Anneal Temperature and Cooling Rate on Microstructure and Tensile Properties of Laser Deposited Ti-4Al-15Mn Titanium Alloy, J. Alloys Compd., 2014, 608, p 95–101

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. G.E. Dieter, H.A. Kuhn, and S.L. Semiatin, Handbook of Workability and Process Design, ASM International, Metals Park, 2003

    Google Scholar 

  7. K. Keshava Murthy, S. Sundaresan, and N.B. Potluri, Effect of Microstructural Features on the Fracture Toughness of a Welded Alpha-Beta Ti-Al-Mn Alloy, Eng. Fract. Mech., 1997, 58(1-2), p 29–41

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. A.K. Singh and R.A. Schwarzer, Effects of Mode of Deformation by Rolling on the Development of Texture in Binary Ti-Mn Alloys, Scr. Mater., 2001, 44, p 375–380

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. P.F. Santos, M. Niinomi, K. Cho, M. Nakai, H. Liu, N. Ohtsu, M. Hirano, M. Ikeda, and T. Narushima, Microstructures, Mechanical Properties and Cytotoxicity of Low Cost Beta Ti-Mn Alloys for Biomedical Applications, Acta Biomater., 2015, 26, p 366–376

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Y. Jin, J.N. Wang, J. Yang, and Y. Wang, Microstructure Refinement of Cast TiAl Alloys by β Solidification, Scr. Mater., 2004, 55, p 113–117

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. K. Cho, M. Niinomi, M. Nakai, H. Liu, P.F. Santos, Y. Itoh, M. Ikeda, M.A.H. Gepreel, and T. Narushima, Improvement in Mechanical Strength of Low Cost β-Type Ti-Mn Alloys Fabricated by Metal Injection Molding Through Cold Rolling, J. Alloys Compd., 2016, 664, p 272–283

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. B.A. Kolachev, Y.V. Gorshkov, V.V. Shevchenko, and Y.N. Artsybasov, Structure and Properties of Alloys OT4 and OT4-1 After Vacuum Annealing, Met. Sci. Heat Treat., 1972, 14(5), p 378–381

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. O.D. Lai, W.K. Lu, and C.U.I. Xia, Dynamic Recrystallization of Ti-6Al-2Zr-1Mo-1V in Beta Forging Process, Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China, 2012, 22(4), p 761–767

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. E.A. Metzbower, Stacking Fault Probability Determinations in HCP Ti-AI, Alloys, Metall. Mater. Trans., 1971, 2(11), p 3099–3103

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Z. Guo, A.P. Miodownik, N. Saunders, and J.P. Schillé, Influence of Stacking Fault Energy on High Temperature Creep of Alpha Titanium Alloys, Scr. Mater., 2006, 54(12), p 2175–2178

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. F.J. Humphreys and M. Hatherly, Recrystallization and Related Annealing Phenomena, 2nd ed., Elsevier Science, New York, 2004

    Google Scholar 

  17. F.J. Humphreys, A Unified Theory of Recovery, Recrystallization and Grain Growth, based on the Stability and Growth of Cellular Microstructures-I. The Basic Model, Acta Mater., 1997, 45(10), p 4231–4240

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. E.A. Holm, K.J. Healey, and C.C. Battaile, Coupled Computer Simulations of Recrystallization in Deformed Polycrystals, Mater. Sci. Forum, 2004, 467-470, p 641–646

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. J. Go, W.J. Poole, M. Militzer, and M.A. Wells, Modelling Recovery and Recrystallisation During Annealing of AA 5754 Aluminium Alloy, Mater. Sci. Technol., 2003, 19(10), p 1361–1368

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. J.W. Won, T. Lee, S. Hong, Y. Lee, J.H. Lee, and C.S. Lee, Role of Deformation Twins in Static Recrystallization Kinetics of High-Purity Alpha Titanium, Met. Mater. Int., 2016, 22(6), p 1041–1048

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. M. Blicharski, S. Nourbakhsh, and J. Nutting, Structure and Properties of Plastically Deformed α-Ti, Met. Sci., 1979, 13(9), p 516–522

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. H. Takebe, K. Mori, K. Takahashi, and H. Fujii, Effects of Thickness and Grain Size on Tensile Properties of Pure Titanium Thin Gauge Sheets, Proceedings of the 13th World Conference on Titanium, The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, 2016, p 491–494.

  23. T. Fukumaru, H. Hidaka, T. Tsuchiyama, and S. Takaki, Effect of Wire Diameter and Grain Size on Tensile Properties of Austenitic Stainless Steel Wire, Bull. Iron Steel Inst. Jpn., 2005, 91, p 828–833

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Z. Guo, S. Malinov, and W. Sha, Modelling Beta Transus Temperature of Titanium Alloys Using Artificial Neural Network, Comput. Mater. Sci., 2005, 32(1), p 1–12

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. G. Garcés, P. Pérez, and P. Adeva, Thermal Stability of Metastable Mg-30%Ti-2%Al-0.9%Mn (wt.%) Alloy Synthesised by PVD, J. Alloys Compd., 2005, 387(1-2), p 115–120

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors thank the National Facility for texture and OIM Lab, IIT Bombay for the support provided in EBSD work. The authors also acknowledge the support of MCD, HWMD/MMG/MME/VSSC and IFF/MME/VSSC for heat treatment, characterization and fabrication support extended by them. The authors also thankfully acknowledge DD, MME/VSSC for providing guidance during this work and Director, VSSC for kind permission to publish the work.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. National Institute of Technical Teachers Training and Research, Chandigarh, 160019, India

    Rishi Gaur & S. S. Banwait

  2. Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, ISRO, Trivandrum, 695022, India

    R. K. Gupta & V. AnilKumar

Authors
  1. Rishi Gaur
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. R. K. Gupta
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. V. AnilKumar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. S. S. Banwait
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to R. K. Gupta.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Gaur, R., Gupta, R.K., AnilKumar, V. et al. Effect of Cold Rolling and Heat Treatment on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Ti-4Al-1Mn Titanium Alloy. J. of Materi Eng and Perform 27, 3217–3233 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-018-3412-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-018-3412-9

Keywords

Search

Navigation