Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Effect of Austenitic and Austeno-Ferritic Electrodes on 2205 Duplex and 316L Austenitic Stainless Steel Dissimilar Welds

  • Published:
Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This study addresses the effect of different types of austenitic and austeno-ferritic electrodes (E309L, E309LMo and E2209) on the relationship between weldability, microstructure, mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of shielded metal arc welded duplex/austenitic (2205/316L) stainless steel dissimilar joints using the combined techniques of optical, scanning electron microscope, energy-dispersive spectrometer and electrochemical. The results indicated that the change in electrode composition led to microstructural variations in the welds with the development of different complex phases such as vermicular ferrite, lathy ferrite, widmanstatten and intragranular austenite. Mechanical properties of welded joints were diverged based on compositions and solidification modes; it was observed that ferritic mode solidified weld dominated property wise. However, the pitting corrosion resistance of all welds showed different behavior in chloride solution; moreover, weld with E2209 was superior, whereas E309L exhibited lower resistance. Higher degree of sensitization was observed in E2209 weld, while lesser in E309L weld. Optimum ferrite content was achieved in all welds.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. B.P. Logan, A.I. Toumpis, A.M. Galloway, N.A. McPherson, and S.J. Hambling, Dissimilar Friction Stir Welding of Duplex Stainless Steel to Low Alloy Structural Steel, Sci. Technol. Weld. Join., 2016, 21, p 11–19

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. S. Wang, Q. Ma, and Y. Li, Characterization of Microstructure, Mechanical Properties and Corrosion Resistance of Dissimilar Welded Joint Between 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel and 16MnR, Mater. Des., 2011, 32, p 831–837

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. J. Olsson and M. Snis, Duplex—A New Generation of Stainless Steels for Desalination Plants, Desalin, 2007, 205, p 104–113

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. J. Labanowski, Stress Corrosion Cracking Susceptibility of Dissimilar Stainless Steels Welded Joints, J. Achiev. Mater. Manuf. Eng., 2007, 20, p 255–258

    Google Scholar 

  5. N.R. Baddoo, Stainless Steel in Construction: A Review of Research, Applications, Challenges and Opportunities, J. Const. Steel. Res., 2008, 64, p 1199–1206

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. B. Deng, Y. Jiang, J. Gong, C. Zhong, J. Gao and J. Li, Critical Pitting and Repassivation Temperatures for Duplex Stainless Steel in Chloride Solutions, Electrochim. Acta, 2008, 53, p 5220–5225

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. T. Ihsan-ul-Haq, P.J. Hyun, and H.S. Kwon, Development of High Mn-N Duplex Stainless Steel for Automobile Structural Components, Corros. Sci., 2008, 50, p 404–410

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Y.A. Albrimi, A. Eddib, J. Douch, Y. Berghoute, M. Hamdani, and R.M. Souto, Electrochemical Behaviour of AISI, 316 Austenitic Stainless Steel in Acidic Media Containing Chloride Ions, Int. J. Electrochem. Sci., 2011, 6, p 4614–4627

    Google Scholar 

  9. B. Gideon, L. Ward, and G. Biddle, Duplex Stainless Steel Welds and their Susceptibility to Intergranular Corrosion, J. Miner. Mater. Charact. Eng., 2008, 7, p 247–263

    Google Scholar 

  10. P. Vasantharaja, M. Vasudevan, and P. Palanichamy, Effect of Welding Processes on the Residual Stress and Distortion in Type 316LN Stainless Steel Weld Joints, J. Manuf. Process., 2015, 19, p 187–193

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. G.S. Sidhu and S.S. Chatha, Role of Shielded Metal Arc Welding Consumables on Pipe Weld Joint, Int. J. Emerg. Technol. Adv. Eng., 2012, 2, p 746–750

    Google Scholar 

  12. R. Neissi, M. Shamanian, and M. Hajihashemi, The Effect of Constant and Pulsed Current Gas Tungsten Arc Welding on Joint Properties of 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel to 316L Austenitic Stainless Steel, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2016, 25, p 2017–2028

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. U. Kamachi Mudali, B.M. Ananda Rao, K. Shanmugam et al., Corrosion and Microstructural Aspects of Dissimilar Joints of Titanium and Type 304L Stainless Steel, J. Nucl. Mater., 2003, 321, p 40–48

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. K.D. Ramkumar, A. Singh, S. Raghuvanshi et al., Metallurgical and Mechanical Characterization of Dissimilar Welds of Austenitic Stainless Steel and Super-Duplex Stainless Steel—A Comparative Study, J. Manuf. Process., 2015, 19, p 212–232

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. K.D. Ramkumar, N. Arivazhagan, and S. Narayanan, Effect of Filler Materials on the Performance of Gas Tungsten Arc Welded AISI, 304 and Monel 400, Mater. Des., 2012, 40, p 70–79

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. M. Sadeghian, M. Shamanian, and A. Shafye, Effect of Heat Input on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Dissimilar Joints Between Super Duplex Stainless Steel and High Strength Low Alloy Steel, Mater. Des., 2014, 60, p 678–684

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. C.J. Múnez, M.V. Utrilla, A. Ureña, and E. Otero, Influence of the Filler Material on Pitting Corrosion in Welded Duplex Stainless Steel 2205, Weld. Int., 2010, 24, p 105–110

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. K. Bettahar, M. Bouabdallah, R. Badji et al., Microstructure and Mechanical Behavior in Dissimilar 13Cr/2205 Stainless Steel Welded Pipes, Mater. Des., 2015, 85, p 221–229

    Google Scholar 

  19. P.B. Srinivasan, V. Muthupandi, W. Dietzel, and V. Sivan, An Assessment of Impact Strength and Corrosion Behavior of Shielded Metal Arc Welded Dissimilar Weldments Between UNS 31803 and IS 2062 Steels, Mater. Des., 2006, 27, p 182–191

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. M. Rahmani, A. Eghlimi, and M. Shamanian, Evaluation of Microstructure and Mechanical Properties in Dissimilar Austenitic/Super Duplex Stainless Steel Joint, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2014, 23(10), p 3745–3753

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. J. Verma, R.V. Taiwade, R.K. Khatirkar, S.G. Sapate, and A.D. Gaikwad, Microstructure, Mechanical and Intergranular Corrosion Behavior of Dissimilar DSS 2205 and ASS 316L Shielded Metal Arc Welds, Trans. Indian. Inst. Metal, 2016, p 1–13. doi:10.1007/s12666-016-0878-8

  22. ASTM E 3-95, Standard Practice for Preparation of Metallographic Specimens Philadelphia, PA, USA, 2001

  23. ASM, Handbook of Metallography and Microstructures, Materials Park, OH, 2004

  24. ANSI/AWS A4.2, Standard Procedures for Calibrating Magnetic Instruments to Measure the Delta Ferrite Content of Austenitic and Duplex Ferritic-Austenitic Stainless Steel Weld Metal, PA, 1997

  25. ASTM E 8-04, Standard Practice for Preparation Tension Testing of Metallic Materials, Philadelphia, PA, USA, 2004

  26. ASTM E23-04, Standard Practice for Preparation Notched Impact Testing of Metallic Material, PA, USA, 2004

  27. J. Gong, Y.M. Jiang, B. Deng, J.L. Xu, J.P. Hu, and J. Li, Evaluation of Intergranular Corrosion Susceptibility of UNS S31803 Duplex Stainless Steel with an Optimized Double Loop Electrochemical Potentiokinetic Reactivation Method, Electrochim. Acta, 2010, 55, p 5077–5083

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. A.P. Majidi and M.A. Streicher, Potentiodynamic Reactivation Method for Detecting Sensitization in AISI, 304 And 304L Stainless Steels, Corrosion, 1984, 40, p 393–408

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. R.V. Taiwade, A.P. Patil, R.D. Ghugal et al., Effect of Welding Passes on Heat Affected Zone and Tensile Properties of AISI, 304 Stainless Steel and Chrome-Manganese Austenitic Stainless Steel, ISIJ Int., 2013, 53, p 102–109

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. J.C. Lippold and D.J. Kotecki, Welding Metallurgy and Weldability of Stainless Steels, Wiley, New York, 2005

    Google Scholar 

  31. J.C. Lippold, W.A.I.I.I. Baeslack, III, and I. Varol, Heat-Affected Zone Liquation Cracking in Austenitic and Duplex Stainless Steels, Weld. J., 1988, 71, p 1S

    Google Scholar 

  32. V. Muthupandi, P.B. Srinivasan, S.K. Seshadri, and S. Sundaresan, Effect of Weld Metal Chemistry and Heat Input on the Structure and Properties of Duplex Stainless Steel Welds, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2003, 358, p 9–16

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. R. Kacar, Effect of Solidification Mode and Morphology of Microstructure on the Hydrogen Content of Duplex Stainless Steel Weld Metal, Mater. Des., 2004, 25, p 1–9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. A.J. Ramirez, S.D. Brandi, and J.C. Lippold, Secondary Austenite and Chromium Nitride Precipitation in Simulated Heat Affected Zones of Duplex Stainless Steels, Sci. Technol. Weld. Join., 2004, 9, p 301–313

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. J.A. Brooks, J.C. Williams, and A.W. Thompson, Microstructural Origin of the Skeletal Ferrite Morphology of Austenitic Stainless Steel Welds, Metall. Trans. A, 1983, 14A, p 1271–1281

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. R. Saluja and K.M. Moeed, Metallurgical Behaviour of AISI, 304 Steel Butt Welds Under Segregation, Int. J. Mech. Eng. Technol., 2014, 5, p 36–43

    Google Scholar 

  37. Y.H. Kim, D.G. Kim, J.H. Sung, I.S. Kim, D.E. Ko et al., Influences of Cr/Ni Equivalent Ratios of Filler Wires on Pitting Corrosion and Ductility-Dip Cracking of AISI, 316L Weld Metals, Met. Mater. Int., 2011, 17, p 151–155

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. F.W. Fourie and F.P.A. Robinson, Literature Review on the Influence of Weld-Heat Inputs on the Mechanical and Corrosion Properties of Duplex Stainless Steels, J. S. Atr. Inst. Min. Metall., 1990, 90, p 59–65

    Google Scholar 

  39. K. Yıldızlı, Investigation on the Microstructure and Toughness Properties of Austenitic and Duplex Stainless Steels Weldments Under Cryogenic Conditions, Mater. Des., 2015, 77, p 83–94

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. R. Badji, M. Bouabdallah, B. Bacroix, C. Kahloun, B. Belkessa, and H. Maza, Phase Transformation and Mechanical Behavior in Annealed 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel Welds, Mater. Charact., 2008, 59, p 447–453

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. A. Eghlimi, M. Shamanian, and K. Raeissi, Dilution and Ferrite Number Prediction in Pulsed Current Cladding of Super-Duplex Stainless Steel Using RSM, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2013, 22, p 3657–3666

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. V. Shankar, T.P.S. Gill, S.L. Mannan, and S. Sundaresan, Solidification Cracking in Austenitic Stainless Steel Welds, Sadhana, 2003, 28, p 359–382

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. D. Harish Kumar, A. Somireddy, and K. Gururaj, A Review on Critical Aspects of 316LN Austenitic Stainless Steel Weldability, Int. J. Mater. Sci. Appl., 2012, 1, p 1–7

    Google Scholar 

  44. M. Keskitalo, K. Mantyjarvi, and J. Sundqvist, Laser Welding of Duplex Stainless Steel with Nitrogen as Shielding Gas, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2015, 216, p 381–384

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. A. Moteshakker, I. Danaee, S. Moeinifar, and A. Ashrafi, Hardness and Tensile Properties of Dissimilar Welds Joints Between SAF 2205 and AISI, 316L, Sci. Technol. Weld. Join., 2015, 21, p 1–10

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. S. Geng, J. Sun, L. Guo, and H. Wang, Evolution of Microstructure and Corrosion Behavior in 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel GTA-Welding Joint, J. Manuf. Process., 2015, 19, p 32–37

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. J. Verma, R.V. Taiwade et al., A Comparative Study on the Effect of Electrode on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Dissimilar Welds of 2205 Austeno-Ferritic and 316L Austenitic Stainless Steel, Mater. Trans., 2016, 57, p 494–500

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. B. Chakrabarti, H. Das, S. Das, and T.K. Pal, Effect of Process Parameters on Clad Quality of Duplex Stainless Steel Using GMAW Process, Trans. Ind. Inst. Met., 2013, 66, p 221–230

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Y. Yang, B. Yan, J. Li, and J. Wang, The Effect of Large Heat Input on the Microstructure and Corrosion Behaviour of Simulated Heat Affected Zone in 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel, Corros. Sci., 2011, 53, p 3756–3763

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. K.H. Lo, C.T. Kwok, and W.K. Chan, Characterisation of Duplex Stainless Steel Subjected to Long-Term Annealing in the Sigma Phase Formation Temperature Range by the DLEPR Test, Corros. Sci., 2011, 53, p 3697–3703

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. J. Moon, H.Y. Ha, and T.H. Lee, Corrosion Behavior in High Heat Input Welded Heat-Affected Zone of Ni-Free High-Nitrogen Fe–18Cr–10Mn–N Austenitic Stainless Steel, Mater. Charact., 2013, 82, p 113–119

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. N. Ebrahimi, M.H. Moayed, and A. Davoodi, Critical Pitting Temperature Dependence of 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel on Dichromate Ion Concentration in Chloride Medium, Corros. Sci., 2011, 53, p 1278–1287

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. P.H. Potgieter, P.A. Olubambi, and L. Cornish, Influence of Nickel Additions on the Corrosion Behaviour of Low Nitrogen 22% Cr Series Duplex Stainless Steels, Corros. Sci., 2008, 50, p 2572–2579

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. API Technical Report 938-C, Use of Duplex Stainless Steels in the Oil Refining Industry 2nd ed., American Petrol Institute, April, 2011

  55. P.B. Srinivasan, V. Muthupandi, W. Dietzel, and V. Sivan, Microstructure and Corrosion Behavior of Shielded Metal Arc-Welded Dissimilar Joints Comprising Duplex Stainless Steel and Low Alloy Steel, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2006, 15, p 759–764

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. S. Bakour, A. Guenbour, A. Bellaouchou et al., Effect of Welding on the Corrosion Behaviour of a Highly Alloyed Austenitic Stainless Steel UNS N06027 in Polluted Phosphoric Acid Media, Int. J. Electrochem. Sci., 2012, 7, p 10530–10543

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgment

The authors would like to thank Director, VNIT, Nagpur, for providing necessary facilities and constant encouragement to publish this paper. The authors are also thankful to Mr. Ashvin Gaikwad, Weldfast Electrodes, Nagpur, for providing the welding facilities and electrodes. The authors would also like to thank Mrs. Varsha Patankar (Technical staff, Testing of Materials Laboratory, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering) for her help in conducting mechanical testing.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology (VNIT), Nagpur, 440 010, India

    Jagesvar Verma & Ravindra V. Taiwade

Authors
  1. Jagesvar Verma
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Ravindra V. Taiwade
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ravindra V. Taiwade.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Verma, J., Taiwade, R.V. Effect of Austenitic and Austeno-Ferritic Electrodes on 2205 Duplex and 316L Austenitic Stainless Steel Dissimilar Welds. J. of Materi Eng and Perform 25, 4706–4717 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-016-2329-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-016-2329-4

Keywords

Search

Navigation