Abstract
Concentrations of metals along with pH, potential redox (Eh), total dissolved solid (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC) and salinity were measured for sediments of different layers, pore and surface water in the Anzali wetland. Also, the diffusive flux of metals was calculated ad compared with the values in other aquatic bodies. The abundance of metals in sediments was Al > Fe > Ca > Ti > Mn > Zn > V > Cr > Ni > Cu > Pb > Co > As > Mo > Ag > Cd, while the pore-water results indicated a different concentration profile: Ca > Mn > Fe > Al > V > Mo > As > Ni > Cu > Co. Anzali wetland is classified within a high ecological risk. Pore-water toxicity test showed it is in non-polluted condition. Eh–pH diagrams showed that all species of elements are in a stable state in surface and pore-waters. However, Mn and Co (in some layers) are in soluble form and free ions and thus are bioavailable to the organisms. V and As are also present in the form of hydrogen compounds and Ni in the form of hydroxides, therefore, they are toxic to aquatic animals due to their solubility and ionic forms. Diffusive fluxes for As, Al, Fe, Ca, Cu, Mn, Mo, Ni and V are 0.43, 1.80, 48.52, 43,147.50, 0.12, 1.47, 0.15, 1.28, 0.21 µg/m2/day, respectively. Cluster analysis showed that in a solid phase of sediments, elements such as Cr, As and Ti are of petroleum and terrestrial origin. In pore-waters, Cu is of petroleum and biological origin, and Mo, As, Cu and Co are controlled by pH.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ahn JM, Kim S, Kim YS (2020) Selection of priority management of rivers by assessing heavy metal pollution and ecological risk of surface sediments. Environ Geochem Health 42:1657–1669. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-019-00284-9
al Naggar Y, Khalil MS, Ghorab MA (2018) Environmental pollution by heavy metals in the aquatic ecosystems of Egypt. Open Access J Toxicol. https://doi.org/10.19080/oajt.2018.03.555603
Alabdeh D, Karbassi AR, Omidvar B, Sarang A (2020) Speciation of metals and metalloids in Anzali wetland, Iran. Int J Environ Sci Technol 17:1411–1424. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-019-02471-8
Bai J, Cui B, Chen B et al (2011) Spatial distribution and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in surface sediments from a typical plateau lake wetland, China. Ecol Model 222:301–306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2009.12.002
Baramaki Yazdi R, Ebrahimpour M, Mansouri B et al (2012) Contamination of metals in tissues of Ctenopharyngodon idella and Perca fluviatilis, from Anzali wetland, Iran. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 89:831–835. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-012-0795-4
Bastami KD, Neyestani MR, Molamohyedin N et al (2018) Bioavailability, mobility, and origination of metals in sediments from Anzali wetland, Caspian Sea. Mar Pollut Bull 136:22–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.08.059
Benson NU, Adedapo AE, Fred-Ahmadu OH et al (2018) New ecological risk indices for evaluating heavy metals contamination in aquatic sediment: a case study of the Gulf of Guinea. Reg Stud Mar Sci 18:44–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2018.01.004
Berelson W, McManus J, Coale K et al (2003) A time series of benthic flux measurements from Monterey Bay, CA. Cont Shelf Res 23:457–481. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-4343(03)00009-8
Boudreau BP (1997) Diagenetic models and their implementation: modelling transport and reactions in aquatic sediments. Springer, Berlin
Bowen H (1979) Environmental chemistry of the elements. Academic Press, London
Carling GT, Richards DC, Hoven H et al (2013) Relationships of surface water, pore water, and sediment chemistry in wetlands adjacent to Great Salt Lake, Utah, and potential impacts on plant community health. Sci Total Environ 443:798–811. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.11.063
Carr RS, Long ER, Windom HL et al (1996) Sediment quality assessment studies of Tampa Bay, Florida. Environ Toxicol Chem 15:1218–1231. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620150730
Cohen AS (2003) Paleolimnology: the history and evolution of lake systems. Oxford University Press Inc, New York
Ebraheim G, Karbassi A, Mehrdadi N (2021) The thermodynamic stability, potential toxicity, and speciation of metals and metalloids in Tehran runoff, Iran. Environ Geochem Health 43:4719–4740. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-021-00966-3
El Houssainy A, Abi-Ghanem C, Dang DH et al (2020) Distribution and diagenesis of trace metals in marine sediments of a coastal Mediterranean area: St-Georges Bay (Lebanon). Mar Pollut Bull 155:111066
Esmaeilzadeh M, Karbassi A, Moattar F (2016a) Assessment of metal pollution in the Anzali wetland sediments using chemical partitioning method and pollution indices. Acta Oceanol Sin 35:28–36
Esmaeilzadeh M, Karbassi A, Moattar F (2016b) Heavy metals in sediments and their bioaccumulation in Phragmites australis in the Anzali wetland of Iran. Chin J Oceanol Limnol 34:810–820. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00343-016-5128-8
Hakanson L (1980) An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control. A sedimentological approach. Water Res 14:975–1001
Hammond D (2001) Pore water chemistry. Encycl Ocean Sci 2263–2271
Hansen DJ, Ditoro DM, Berry WJ et al (2005) Procedures for the derivation of equilibrium partitioning sediment benchmarks (ESBs) for the protection of benthic organisms: metal mixtures (cadmium, copper, lead, nickel, silver and zinc)
Hassanzadeh N, Esmaili Sari A, Khodabandeh S, Bahramifar N (2014) Occurrence and distribution of two phthalate esters in the sediments of the Anzali wetlands on the coast of the Caspian Sea (Iran). Mar Pollut Bull 89:128–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.10.017
Huang HH (2016) The Eh–pH diagram and its advances. Metals (basel). https://doi.org/10.3390/met6010023
Jafari N (2009) Ecological integrity of wetland, their functions and sustainable use. J Ecol Nat Environ 1(3):045–054
Karbassi A (2016) Investigation of sediment composition at standard surface and depth. Rasht
Karbassi AR, Tajziehchi S, Khoshghalb H (2018) Speciation of heavy metals in coastal water of Qeshm Island in the Persian Gulf. Glob J Environ Sci Manag 4:91–98. https://doi.org/10.22034/gjesm.2018.04.01.009
Laxmi Mohanta V, Naz A, Kumar Mishra B (2020) Distribution of heavy metals in the water, sediments, and fishes from Damodar river basin at steel city, India: a probabilistic risk assessment. Hum Ecol Risk Assess 26:406–429. https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2018.1511968
Lerman A (1979) Geochemical processes. Water and sediment environments. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York
Li QS, Wu ZF, Chu B et al (2007) Heavy metals in coastal wetland sediments of the Pearl River Estuary, China. Environ Pollut 149:158–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2007.01.006
Liu WX, Coveney RM, Chen JL (2003) Environmental quality assessment on a river system polluted by mining activities. Appl Geochem 18:749–764
Long ER, MacDonald DD (1998) Recommended uses of empirically derived, sediment quality guidelines for marine and estuarine ecosystems. Hum Ecol Risk Assess 4:1019–1039. https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039891284956
Long ER, MacDonald DD, Smith SL, Calder FD (1995) Incidence of adverse biological effects within ranges of chemical concentrations in marine and estuarine sediments. Environ Manag 19:81–97
Louriño-Cabana B, Lesven L, Charriau A et al (2011) Potential risks of metal toxicity in contaminated sediments of Deûle river in Northern France. J Hazard Mater 186:2129–2137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.12.124
Marschner H (1995) Mineral nutrition of higher plants, second
Masoumi F (2018) Effect of Eh/pH on heavy metals behavior in core sediments of Anzali wetland. University of Tehran
Müller G (1981) Die Schwermetallbelastung der sedimente des Neckars und seiner Nebenflusse: eine Bestandsaufnahme. Chem Ztg 105:157–164
Ni Z, Zhang L, Yu S et al (2017) The porewater nutrient and heavy metal characteristics in sediment cores and their benthic fluxes in Daya Bay, South China. Mar Pollut Bull 124:547–554. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.07.069
Pal D, Maiti SK (2018) Seasonal variation of heavy metals in water, sediment, and highly consumed cultured fish (Labeo rohita and Labeo bata) and potential health risk assessment in aquaculture pond of the coal city, Dhanbad (India). Environ Sci Pollut Res 25:12464–12480. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-1424-5
Panahandeh M, Mansouri N, Khorasani N et al (2018) A study of pollution in sediments from Anzali wetland with Geo-accumulation index and ecological risk assessment. Environ Eng Manag J 17:2255–2262
Peng J-F, Song Y-H, Yuan P et al (2009) The remediation of heavy metals contaminated sediment. J Hazard Mater 161:633–640. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.04.061
Persaud D, Jaagumagi R, Hayton A (1993) Guidelines for the protection and management of aquatic sediment quality in Ontario. Ministry of Environment and Energy
Pourang N, Richardson CA, Mortazavi MS (2010) Heavy metal concentrations in the soft tissues of swan mussel (Anodonta cygnea) and surficial sediments from Anzali wetland, Iran. Environ Monit Assess 163:195–213. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-009-0827-7
Qingjie G, Jun D, Yunchuan X et al (2008) Calculating pollution indices by heavy metals in ecological geochemistry assessment and a case study in parks of Beijing. J China Univ Geosci 19:230–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1002-0705(08)60042-4
Rasta M, Sattari M, Taleshi MS, Namin JI (2021) Microplastics in different tissues of some commercially important fish species from Anzali wetland in the Southwest Caspian Sea, Northern Iran. Mar Pollut Bull. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112479
Berner RA (1980) Early diagenesis: a theoretical approach. Princeton University Press, New Jersey
Sahu C, Basti S (2021) Trace metal pollution in the environment: a review. Int J Environ Sci Technol 18:211–224
Santos-Echeandia J, Prego R, Cobelo-García A, Millward GE (2009) Porewater geochemistry in a Galician Ria (NW Iberian Peninsula): implications for benthic fluxes of dissolved trace elements (Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, V, Zn). Mar Chem 117:77–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2009.05.001
Schroeder H, Fabricius AL, Ecker D et al (2017) Metal(loid) speciation and size fractionation in sediment pore water depth profiles examined with a new meso profiling system. Chemosphere 179:185–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.03.080
Schulz HD, Zabel M (2006) Marine geochemistry. Springer, Berlin
Simpson SL, Batley GE, Chariton AA et al (2005) Handbook for sediment quality assessment. Centre for Environmental Contaminants Research
Smith SL, MacDonald DD, Keenleyside KA et al (1996) A preliminary evaluation of sediment quality assessment values for freshwater ecosystems. J Great Lakes Res 22:624–638. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0380-1330(96)70985-1
Sutherland RA (2000) Bed sediment-associated trace metals in an urban stream, Oahu, Hawaii. Cases Solut Environ Geol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002540050473
Tang W, Duan S, Shan B et al (2016) Concentrations, diffusive fluxes and toxicity of heavy metals in pore water of the Fuyang River, Haihe Basin. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 127:80–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.01.013
Telfeyan K, Breaux A, Kim J et al (2017) Arsenic, vanadium, iron, and manganese biogeochemistry in a deltaic wetland, southern Louisiana, USA. Mar Chem 192:32–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2017.03.010
Turetta C, Capodaglio G, Cairns W et al (2005) Benthic fluxes of trace metals in the lagoon of Venice. Microchem J 149–158
US Environmental Protection Agency (2001) Methods for collection, storage and manipulation of sediments for chemical and toxicological analyses: technical manual. Washington, DC
Vaalgamaa S, Conley DJ (2008) Detecting environmental change in estuaries: nutrient and heavy metal distributions in sediment cores in estuaries from the Gulf of Finland, Baltic Sea. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 76:45–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2007.06.007
Vaezi AR, Karbassi AR, Fakhraee M (2015) Assessing the trace metal pollution in the sediments of Mahshahr Bay, Persian Gulf, via a novel pollution index. Environ Monit Assess. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-015-4833-7
Volz SN, Hausen J, Nachev M et al (2020) Short exposure to cadmium disrupts the olfactory system of zebrafish (Danio rerio)—relating altered gene expression in the olfactory organ to behavioral deficits. Aquat Toxicol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105555
Yuan-Hui L, Gregory S (1974) Diffusion of ions in sea water and in deep-sea sediments. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 38(5):703–714
Zhang H, Cui B, Xiao R, Zhao H (2010) Heavy metals in water, soils and plants in riparian wetlands in the Pearl River Estuary, South China. Procedia Environ Sci 2:1344–1354
Zhang G, Bai J, Zhao Q et al (2016) Heavy metals in wetland soils along a wetland-forming chronosequence in the Yellow River Delta of China: levels, sources and toxic risks. Ecol Indic 69:331–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.04.042
Zhengqi X, Shijun N, Xianguo T, Cheng-Jiang Z (2008) Calculation of heavy metals’ toxicity coefficient in the evaluation of potential ecological risk index. Environ Sci Technol 31:112–115
Zhu X, Shan B, Tang W et al (2016) Distributions, fluxes, and toxicities of heavy metals in sediment pore water from tributaries of the Ziya River system, northern China. Environ Sci Pollut Res 23:5516–5526. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-5709-7
Funding
The present research did not receive any financial support.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that there is not any conflict of interests regarding the publication of this manuscript. In addition, the ethical issues, including plagiarism, informed consent, misconduct, data fabrication and/or falsification, double publication and/or submission, and redundancy has been completely observed by the authors.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Mehdizadeh, Y., Karbassi, A.R., Nasrabadi, T. et al. Behavior, toxicity and diffusive flux of metals in a sediment core and pore-water from Anzali wetland. Acta Geochim 42, 309–331 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11631-022-00578-3
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11631-022-00578-3